3D Printing vs. Transfer Molding Comparative Analysis
Abstract: Students are completing a comparative analysis to test the physical properties of a given material using two different devices: a 3D printer & transfer mold machine. In technical terms: students using an
extruder will make their own filaments and 3D print Izod Impact Resistance Bars and Tensile Bars to test the material & production-process strength against the same material/shaped bar for Izod & Tensile Bars made using a transfer mold machine. Students will complete a comparative analysis of two tests: Izod Impact Resistance ASTM D-256 & Tensile Strength ASTM D-638M. (Again, optional 3-point bend test could be conducted in place of these two tests). Students will evaluate their data to provide a solution to a real-world problem in industry/society that they determine to answer. Students will need to conduct research to determine a real-world problem. Students’ data must be used to support their claim to their answer of the real-world problem based on prioritized criteria and trade-offs that account for a range of constraints, including cost, safety, reliability, and aesthetics as well as possible social, cultural, and
environmental impacts.
*Note* This lesson is written for Engineering Students completing a Polymer Testing Course; but the research aspect can be adapted to fit the research/report needs of a chemistry or physics class with an optional modified 3-point bend testing version with different directionally printed 3-D samples in the worksheets section for those without the proper equipment.
Grades: 10-12
Subject: Other
A Brief History of Rubber
Abstract: In this social studies lesson plan, students will explore the development of rubber and its use in society. They will research the history of rubber and will construct a timeline to display key events and the progression of rubber's use in society.
Grades: 5-8
Subject: Other
A Comparative Study of Lactase and Lactase Supplements
Abstract: Lactose intolerance is the number one known enzyme deficiency, with over 70% of the worlds (adult) population affected. According to the Encyclopedia of Children's Health (http://www.healthofchildren.com/C/Carbohydrate-Intolerance.html) there are 30 to 50 million Americans who suffer from Lactose Intolerance. In this lesson, students will conduct a comparative study to examine the effectiveness of Lactase supplements versus pure Lactase? The lesson is presented as an inquiry lesson, but the attached worksheet provides guided instructions.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Life Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
A Test of Adhesive Strength
Abstract: Students investigate the variables that may impact the peel force of different tapes/adhesives. This includes, factors such as the type of adhesive, peel force, angle, width of sample, and velocity of pull. Although all these may be tested some relationships are trivial for high school students depending on the level. So we will test angle, width, velocity and their relationship to the peel force.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Life Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Adhesives: How Sticky is Your Tape? - Man-made Products
Abstract: In this lesson, students will test the shear strength of different sticky tapes by performing tests in which they will take measurements, record data, and report their findings. They will explain how the usefulness of a manufactured product depends on its function for a particular purpose. Students will learn about how scientists and engineers look to nature to invent products that are useful in our lives.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Adhesives: Measuring Stickiness - Natural Products
Abstract: Students will make a simple device to test the stickiness (adhesion) of household "glues" to determine strength or weakness of the substance to stick two surfaces together. This experience leads to a discussion of adhesion, adhesives (glues), product testing, and applications to daily life. Optional suggestions for Internet research on adhesives are provided.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Applications of Polymer Engineering Self-Healing Polymers Through Encapsulation
Abstract: Encapsulated polymers have many applications from drug delivery to self-healing materials. Capsules can be designed in a variety of different ways from encapsulating the polymer to using the polymer to form a capsule around the compound. There is a research group out of The University of Akron working on encapsulating an Alkyd polymer inside of a silica shell to be used as an additive in coating agents that will give the coating self-healing properties. In this lesson students will investigate the encapsulation process by using a polymer sodium alginate to form a capsule around fruit juice by crosslinking the polymer when it encounters a calcium lactate solution. The students will then add these capsules to gelatin and test the properties of the capsules and modified gelatin.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: N/A
Balloon Ball Bounce
Abstract: In this activity, students will realize that different sports use balls with different amounts of rebound. Understanding this idea, the students will determine if the number of balloons in a balloon ball affect the rebound height. The students will then use the ball to discuss energy conversions.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
The Bending and Bouncing of Light
Abstract: Students will learn about the transfer of light energy as it interacts with matter. Key terms of refraction and reflection will be explored through hands-on inquiry. The science of the formation of rainbows will also explored.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Earth and Space Sciences, Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Biomimicry Using Polymers to Mimic Pinecones or Flowers
Abstract: Inspired by natural hygromorphs, students recreate or simulate how pinecones open and close based on their moisture content. Students use rubber pieces that are glued together and made of two different densities. These biomimetic bilayer structures replicate simple models of natural occurrences such as pine cones opening when dry and closing when moist. Because we are using rubber polymers our biomimetic bilayers will open and close using acetone, a solvent that will absorb into rubber much the way water would be absorbed in a pine cone.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: N/A
Build a Better Bouncer
Abstract: Students discover the effect of placing additives in a glue-based putty to alter the physical properties of the putty. They are then challenged to use their knowledge to design the best bouncing ball possible from the simple materials available to them.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Building Polymer Cup Speakers
Abstract: Students will establish criteria by which to test their speakers. Students will construct and test their speaker. The students will compare speakers and test variable components of a speaker.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences
Can You Get Enough Protein from Milk Alternatives?
Abstract: This guided inquiry lesson allows students to apply their knowledge of organic compounds (primarily proteins) to their everyday life. Biochemistry lessons on proteins and enzyme insufficiency often make students wonder how someone who is lactose intolerant can obtain essential proteins from milk alternatives. This lesson lets students explore whether or not milk alternatives have the same protein concentration as traditional milk.
Grades: 9-10
Subject: Life Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Can You See the Light?
Abstract: Students will learn through design and implementation of their own experiments about the transmission of light energy. Vocabulary terms such as transparent, translucent, and opaque are introduced and explored through hands-on exploration.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Check Out Lights and Shields with Beads
Abstract: Students explore Ultraviolet (UV) detecting beads, conduct several investigations with them to find sources of UV radiation, and find materials that block U V radiation. Eventually students will realize that over-exposure to UV radiation is harmful to their eyes and skin.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences
Chemistry of Coatings: A Scientific Inquiry Project
Abstract: The goal of this lesson is to introduce high school science students to scientific inquiry by creating and conducting their own experiment or engineering design under various constraints. The challenge is to create the “best” support beam out of epoxy resin using limited materials and a ratio of their choosing while being the most cost effective. At the conclusion of this lesson, students should have a better understanding of the engineering design matrix as compared to the scientific method and how the two work together to give a scientist meaningful insight. Students will also increase their knowledge of polymers and the importance of polymers in various coatings by conducting research on epoxy resins.
Grades: 7-12
Subject: Physical Sciences
Classification of Matter
Abstract: This activity involves the students in an inquiry into classifying various materials.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Classifying Solids: Matter
Abstract: Students make observations of solids and classify the items into groups based on their properties. Students are introduced to the three states of matter.
Grades: 3-5
Subject: Physical Sciences
Cling On's
Abstract: Through design and implementation of their own experiments, students will learn about static electricity and its relationship with various materials. Additionally, students will learn the conditions in which static electricity is produced and how it can be reduced.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Color Your World
Abstract: In this lesson students solve a problem about painting the walls of a room. Dimensions of the problem include calculating the surface area to be painted, the cost of the paint and labor, and the amount of time expended. After students report their solutions, a new technology is introduced that would both save time and money. Besides this home decor example, other examples of this amazing advance in polymer films can be discussed after viewing a short video clip of Dr. Miko Cakmak, Professor of Polymer Engineering at The University of Akron.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Science and Technology
Condiment Diver: The World's Simplest Cartesian Diver
Abstract: This activity uses a condiment packet to teach students how fish use their swim bladders to rise and descend in the water. The students will also learn about density, buoyancy, and sinking and floating.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Consider Your Options
Abstract: Students will watch another student make a lunch to take to school. The students will make a list of all the plastic items used to make the lunch. Discussion will follow about the items used to make a complete list. Other students will make the same lunch without using plastic items.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing
Counting Animal Populations
Abstract: Through hands-on investigation, students will learn about the method field scientists use to determine the population of a species for a specified study area. Through collaboration they will design and implement their own strategic method for counting the population of students in their school.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Life Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Creating Shape Memory Polymers
Abstract: Shape memory polymers are an emerging class of polymers that have the capability of changing into a different programmed shape and then back to its original shape. This shape change is usually caused by some outside stimulus like heat, light, magnetism or electricity. Because shape memory polymers can exist in different shapes, they have many potential uses such as self-tying sutures, medical implants and other high tech applications. In this activity, students will transform a homemade rubber band into a shape memory polymer using latex and lauric acid. Students will then be tasked with creating specific shapes with their shape memory polymer as well as creating new shapes of their own.
Grades: 7-12
Subject: Scientific Inquiry
Cross that Bridge!
Abstract: This hands-on inquiry activity sets up a problem for students (design a bridge) and gives them specific constraints (type of materials, amount of materials, length of bridge, etc.) under which to work. The participants will work in groups to brainstorm and test multiple bridge designs. Throughout this lesson, the best teaching practices of inquiry approaches, hands-on/minds-on learning, and applications to the real world, will be emphasized.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Science and Technology, Scientific Inquiry
Cups Under Pressure
Abstract: Students will observe how a Styrofoam cup shrinks under pressure in a cooker.
Grades: 3-5, 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Decomposition of Polymers: Removal of Chewing Gum
Abstract: Our lives are fraught daily with things that gum up the works; especially chewing gum. If it happens to attach itself to your clothes, hair, or (heaven forbid) the inside of the family clothes dryer you have a real problem.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: N/A
Describing the Motion of a Battery Powered Car
Abstract: Students use the variables of time and distance traveled to observe the characteristics of a distance vs time graphs for the motion of a battery powered car operating with one battery then again with two batteries. This allows students to explore how the number of batteries used to power the car affects the characteristics of distance vs time graphs. Students then use the time and distance data collected for the motion of the cars in the two trials to calculate the average speed of the car in each case. The average speeds will then be compared to the slopes of the respective distance vs. time graphs.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Determining the Age of Fossils
Abstract: This lesson is designed to help students understand the concepts of radioactive dating to help determine the approximate age of fossils and rocks. After this lesson students will have an understanding of how maerials undergo radioactive decay and that the rate of decay allows scientists to predict the approximate age of the specimen. This lesson is geared to help take the "mystery" out of scientific dating of rocks and fossils.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Earth and Space Sciences
Determining the Coefficient of Friction for Various Tires on a Ramp
Abstract: Students will determine the coefficient of kinetic and static friction for various tires such as tractor, truck, bike, high performance, tourism. They will then have to apply this knowledge to solve a practical problem.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Determining the Density of Water
Abstract: Students will determine the density of one drop of water using experimental laboratory methods and graphing techniques, and then independently find the density of another liquid such as cooking oil. This lesson can be teacher directed or conducted as an open investigation.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Diaper Challenge
Abstract: Students will compare the absorbency of regular disposable diapers with Swimmers in fresh water and salt water.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences
Diaper Dilemma
Abstract: Students will learn what a polymer is and some uses of polymer materials in science. The student will research the polymer sodium polyacrylate. The student will then use inquiry and design a series of tests with given materials to see which brand of diaper will be best for the city hospital to use. Students will have to interpret their results and data to formulate this plan. They will write their results in a letter and will present their results to the class.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Earth and Space Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
The Dirt on Soil
Abstract: Through hands-on exploration, students will learn about three basic soil types and some of their physical properties. Concepts of porosity and permeability will be developed through experimentation. Students will design and implement a model of a water treatment plant.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Earth and Space Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Inquiry
Downhill Racer
Abstract: Students investigate the motion of a car traveling on an inclined plane and along a flat surface. Students observe the pattern of drops left by the moving car. The changing distances between the successive drops indicate that the car was not traveling at a constant speed. From the drops, students will be able to collect data and graph both the velocity and acceleration of the car.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Drug Delivery with Polymer Based Nanoparticles
Abstract: Students will critique common drug delivery techniques and analyze ways that newer nanotechnology techniques could be more beneficial for drug delivery. The students will be responsible for investigating the properties needed for nanoparticles to be used in biological systems in order for cellular uptake to occur and for proper release of the entrapped drug to take place. Students will use prior knowledge of cellular transport and cellular structures to guide them in this inquiry. Once students construct parameters needed to potentially design the nanoparticles, and the teacher has steered them towards working with polymers, they will choose a variable they would like to test on model particles and hypothesize its effect on the particles release of the entrapped material. Students will create their model particles in the lab and then investigate the environmental variable on the particles by designing an experiment in the lab. Students can then draw conclusions on the effectiveness of their particles based on one parameter of their initial design.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Egg Walk Challenge
Abstract: Students will design a pair of shoes using plastics that will enable them to walk on eggs without breaking them.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing
Electromagnetic Energy and Its Spectrum
Abstract: As a result of hands-on exploration and inquiry, students will learn about electromagnetic radiation and the electromagnetic spectrum. Students will create waves to understand the relationship between energy and wavelength. Students will design and implement an experiment to reduce UV exposure to an object.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Earth and Space Sciences, Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Energy Cars and Polymers: Reducing Frictional Forces
Abstract: Students will be working in pairs to design and build energy car that meets specific requirements by using knowledge of polymer chemistry, and laws of physics. The goal of the project is to build a car that would go maximum distance when launched by rubber band, therefore, students will have to apply knowledge about motion, friction, and engineering principles to achieve best results. Energy car must be build from wood platform, and wheels from thermoplastic. During this lesson, students will learn about thermoplastics (polymers), friction (sliding, rolling, fluid, static), and motion (speed, acceleration, velocity).
Grades: 9
Subject: N/A
The Engineering Design Process: Aerogels
Abstract: Research currently being done at the University of Akron involves the creation of a gel polymer emulsion to make aerogels. The emulsifying agent (and dissolved phase) in the gel cannot simply be evaporated out because the holes left behind in the gel will collapse. Thus, a multistep solution exchange process is performed to get rid of the emulsifying agent (and dissolved phase) and leave the pores (holes) left behind intact. The result is a solid with lots and lots of holes in it called an aerogel.
Aerogels have been used in recent years by NASA and other entities because they have unique properties like being of a very low density and being incredible thermal insulators. Though they are very useful, aerogels are not widely used because it is still expensive to manufacture them on a large scale.
In this lesson, students will mimic polymer/process engineers by designing a process to eliminate chocolate chips from chocolate chip cookie dough (their “gel”) without destroying the holes left behind. This is a STEM lesson is in which the engineering design process is taught. An engineering design notebook is provided as well as metrics (including required teacher signatures at various points and Self, Peer, Group Evaluations) for ensuring that all students are on task at all times. Further, this notebook makes assessing individual contributions to the cooperative assignments easier many other projects.
Grades: 6-12
Subject: Other
The Engineering Design Process: Meringue Aerogel Film Filters
Abstract: Research currently being done at the University of Akron involves the creation of a gel polymer emulsion to make aerogels. The emulsifying agent (and dissolved phase) in the gel cannot simply be evaporated out because the holes left behind in the gel will collapse. Thus, a multistep solution exchange process is performed to get rid of the emulsifying agent (and dissolved phase) and leave the pores (holes) left behind intact. The result is a solid with lots and lots of holes in it called an aerogel. These aerogels can be poured into various molds or onto a flat surface (substrate) to create a film.
Aerogels have been used in recent years by NASA and other entities because they have unique properties like having very low densities and being incredible thermal insulators. Aerogels are also being studied for their filtering capabilities.
In this lesson, students will make films and test the filtering capabilities of meringue which is an aerogel. Their engineering challenge to create an improved meringue aerogel film filter. This STEM lesson can be taught in 2-3 days as simply an engineering design challenge of or it can be taught over 2-3 weeks in which the full engineering design process including multiple presentations is taught. Included in this lesson is an Introduction to STEM Education Teacher Powerpoint and an Engineering Design Notebook with metrics for ensuring that all students are on task at all times and presentation rubrics. Further, this notebook makes assessing individual contributions to the cooperative assignments easier many other projects.
Grades: 6-12
Subject: Other
Exploration of Bones as a Natural Composite Material
Abstract: Growing up we were told to drink our milk so that our bones could grow to be strong. Milk and other food products provide us with the calcium our bones need for strength. In fact, about 99% of our body’s calcium is found in bones. However, our bones also need a structural protein called collagen in order to provide added strength and flexibility. Bone can be thought of as a composite material; something made out of two materials with different properties, which when brought together produce a new material with new properties. In this laboratory you will play the role of a polymer scientist and explore the techniques that engineers use to test the strength properties of a composite material.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: N/A
Exploring Osmosis with Polymers
Abstract: In the first part of the lab activity, students will be making their own "gummies" similar to gummy worms and Boba fruit spheres using sodium alginate, a polymer found in green algae. The student will then make a connection to osmosis properties by soaking their polymers in distilled water, tap water and salt water, and collected data on mass change.
Grades: 10
Subject: Scientific Inquiry
Exploring the Physical and Chemical Properties of Polymers
Abstract: This activity involves the students in an inquiry based examination of the physical and chemical properties of polymers.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Fishing Line Tests
Abstract: This lab is to test the stretch and breaking points of various brands and strength of polymer fishing lines and to graph the data collected.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Scientific Inquiry
Float Your Boat
Abstract: Through design and implementation of their own experiments about Archimedes' Principle, students will learn the effects of the force of buoyancy, and the role density plays in the sinking and float of objects.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Gellin Like a...Hydrophylic Cross-linked Polymer?
Abstract: Students will prepare several recipes of Xanthan Gum-Glycerol polyester polymers and determine through testing and data analysis which one will serve best as wound dressings or other specific applications.
Grades: 9
Subject: N/A
The Great Rube Goldberg Polymer Machine
Abstract: Using the Rube Goldberg over-engineered method of design, students will find and utilize only polymers to construct a machine that will move a Polymer object (ball, car, etc) from point A to point B. They must incorporate a Shape-Memory Polymer and at least one example from each category of polymers found in the recycle codes for plastic #1 - #7. The object must change directions at least three times during the trip. This entire lesson allows teachers to meet science content standards and introduce polymers and other science concepts using Best Teaching Practices, Hands-on/Minds-on Learning and Authentic Problem-based Learning.
Grades: 6-8, 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Inquiry
Heat Loss and Gain
Abstract: Students will measure both qualitatively and quantitatively the heat of physical changes and a chemical reaction.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Hold On Tight!
Abstract: In this lesson, students will test the strength of different sticky tapes, such as duct tape, cellophane tape, medical bandage tape, and painters' tape, by performing tests in which they will take measurements, record data, and report their findings. They will explain how the usefulness of a manufactured product depends on its function for a particular purpose. Content information includes a discussion of types of adhesives and the mechanisms by which they work.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
How are Polymers Utilized in Everyday Life?
Abstract: Students will choose one of the ten areas of polymer science from the Macrogalleria web site. They will use the Macrogalleria web site to gather information to put into a graphic organizer. From the information on their graphic organizer the students will construct a Power Point presentation to report their findings to the class.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Science and Technology
How Creepy!
Abstract: Students will observe, measure, and graph a model of slow downslope movement. This task assesses students' abilities to collect, record, and organize data, set up graph axes, plot data points, draw line graphs, apply mathematics, infer based on observational data, predict based on a model, and apply models to other situations.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Earth and Space Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
How Does Size and Temperature Affect a Material's Conductivity?
Abstract: Students will be able to measure the conductivity of metals and nanoparticles which will be sintered to be able to conduct the electricity. Also they will be able to observe how different size and temperatures of the nanoparticles affect the conductivity.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: N/A
How Shocking!
Abstract: Students will be challenged to build a shock absorbing structure using different polymeric materials or rubber that would best protect a gelatin "head" during an impact.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Hydrate Me!
Abstract: In this lesson students will be learning about hydrogels and their importance in wound healing. Students will be completing a lab activity using a hydrogel to determine how well it can hold water.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Life Sciences, Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Hydrogels Make Happy Plants
Abstract: This is a series of activities that allow the students the opportunity to investigate hydrogels. These polymers have the ability to absorb (swell) and release water under certain conditions. First the students will read about hydrogels (Hydrogel: Preparation, characterization, and applications: A review) and develop a working knowledge of the materials. Then, they will go on a Hydrogel Scavenger hunt allowing the teacher the ability to assess their understanding AND demonstrating to the students how prevalent and important these materials are in the world. Then the students will be involved in an investigation where they study different soils with regard to their water retention abilities. This study will include soil that has hydrogel beads mixed in. The addition of the hydrogel beads allows more water to be retained creating a more steady water supply and will then require less watering. Finally, the students will create different formulations of hydrogels using Sodium Alginate. During this part of the investigation, they will first examine bead production in different salts (Lithium Chloride, Potassium Chloride, Magnesium Chloride and they will have already tested Calcium Chloride.) The groups will then select a particular salt and will create the "best" hydrogel beads to be added to their "New and Improved "soil. In this part of the investigation, the students will vary concentrations of the selected salt and determine which bead would have the highest water retention ability and therefore would work most effectively in potting soil.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Life Sciences, Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Identifying Unknown Polymers Using Density Measurements
Abstract: There are many different polymers with wide applications and uses. Basic polymers can be described by recycling code such as code 1 for PETE, polyethylene terephthalate. In this lesson activity students will become knowledgeable in six types of polymers and their common uses. Students will identify polymers by performing density measurements of each polymer. Results will be confirmed by float/sink test of each polymer.
Grades: 8-9
Subject: N/A
Impulse: An Investigation of Impulse/Change in Momentum
Abstract: This Lesson is based upon the Impulse/ Change in Momentum Theorem. This inquiry lesson will allow students to explore the Impulse/ Change in Momentum Theorem using a force plate sensor and energy dampening materials to distribute the force of a falling mass over time. An acrylic cylindrical tube will be utilized as a container for each chosen material. A mass that fits the tube well will be dropped from a particular height. The force plate will register the force peak from the drop and the change in time in which this force was imparted. Students will be able to quantify Force and Change in time data as the materials are changed in order to record them in a data table for analysis. Each material will be given a specific cost. This is to ensure that students remember that in engineering ideas are meant to be scaled up and cost effective so they do not go overboard out of the gate. Through this Inquiry, students will learn the necessary content as well as working "like and engineer".
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Industrial Processes of Polymers: How Toys are Made
Abstract: Students explore the ties between science and technology as they simulate the plastic manufacturing processes of extrusion, injection molding and blow molding. Interest is stimulated, and questions are initiated, as students examine a variety of simple plastic toys. Students try to find traits that would lead them to suggest a process by which a given toy was made. Next, students form "manufacturing companies" and actually extrude a product using a common toy - the Play-Doh Fun Factory®. Students also make an injection molded product using a hot glue gun, and a blow molded product using plastic tubing and a simple mold. Finally, students review their original set of toys and classify them as injected, extruded, or blow molded.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Introduction to Lasers and Optics
Abstract: In this lesson, students will construct a small scale laser table and reflect a laser beam around an object. Students will be exposed to some of the key components of real life laser systems and learn how to control light propagation (control how the light travels around the laser table).
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Jungle Gym Drop
Abstract: Through several trials of dropping objects from various levels of a jungle-gym, students will be able to find out more about gravity, forces, and motion.
Grades: 3-5
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing
Lab-Effects of pH on the Structure of a Polyelectrolyte
Abstract: Students will explore how the viscosity of a polyelectrolyte (polyacrylic acid) changes with changing pH. They will explain viscosity changes in terms of the intermolecular forces and the equilibrium of the ionization reaction. Lab activities include determining the Ka and pKa of PAA after measuring the pH of the PAA solution, titrating the weak acid (PAA) with a strong base (sodium hydroxide) and graphing the titration curve, measuring the efflux times at different pH values then calculating the relative viscosity of a PAA solution using a U-tube viscometer and graphing the results. As a conclusion, students will describe how what was learned in the lesson could be applied to create a useful product such as a wound covering.
The lesson is designed as a review of equilibrium, properties of acids, titrations, and intermolecular forces that can be given leading up to the AP exam.
Grades: 11-12 (AP Level Chemistry)
Subject: Other
Making Bouncing Balls
Abstract: Children have the opportunity to use different materials to make balls. They design and build balls and explore how their balls roll, bounce, and fall. They also take apart old balls to see how they are made and use these ideas in making more balls.
Grades: K-2
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing
Magnetic Discovery Bottle
Abstract: This lesson uses a "Magnetic Discovery Bottle" to teach students: how to conduct a simple investigation; to use simple equipment to gather data; to use data to arrive at a reasonable explanation; to communicate the investigations and explanations; to describe the properties of magnets; to explain why some materials are magnetic and some are not.
Grades: 3-5
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Making a Model Lung
Abstract: In "The Model Lung" lesson students will construct a simple model of the human lung and use this model to identify the structure and function of the lung. In the lesson extension, students will model and research malfunctions to the respiratory system due to illness or disease.
Grades: 3-5
Subject: Scientific Inquiry
Making a Shape Memory Polymer from Silicone-1 Caulk and MiraLAX
Abstract:
The development of shape memory polymers has applications in aerospace (for example, Mars exploration), medicine, robotics, and even everyday items such as eyeglasses. In this activity, students will be able to make a shape memory polymer using only 2 ingredients: silicone-1 caulk and polyethylene glycol (widely available as MiraLAX).
They will compare the shape memory polymer that they’ve made to the more common "oogoo" – a mixture of silicone-1 caulk and corn starch – in order to investigate how the properties of the mixture change based on the ingredients.
In the extension activity, students make an additional mixture of MiraLAX and silicone-1 with a higher concentration of MiraLAX. This higher ratio allows the MiraLAX to be easily removed after the polymer has set, simply by soaking in water overnight. Once the MiraLAX is removed, a sponge made out of silicone can be observed. This sponge is used to simulate an oil spill clean-up, using a mixture of vegetable oil and water.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: N/A
Marbles and Momentum
Abstract: Using the game of marbles, students will explore how momentum is transferred from one object to another object in an elastic collision. Students will determine the properties that make a good shooter.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Scientific Ways of Knowing
Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Parts in Fused Deposition Modeling
Abstract: Today's students are not aware of the many uses of polymers in their daily life. In this experiment, students will examine the mechanical properties of 3D parts to solve a real world problem. Students will determine the optimal mechanical properties of components fabricated with 3D printers. Students will create 3D printed parts with various print specifications such as orientation, temperature, infill, layer thickness, etc. This research, testing and analysis will then be used by the students to create a DIY assistive technology (DIY-AT), "which is any device or system that allows an individual to perform a task that they would otherwise be unable to do, or increases the ease and safety with which the task can be performed" [1]. Once the students have created their 3D printed parts, they will conduct a tensile test. The data collected will be graphed and analyzed with the conclusion of the experiment to be a collaborative discussion of the Students will use data gathered from the tensile testing to determine optimal properties for use in assistive technology.
[1] Cowen,D. & Turner-Smith,A. The role of assistive technology in alternative models of care for older people. In Sutherland,I. (ed.) With Respect To Old Age:The Royal Commission for the Long Term Care of the Elderly (1999), Stationary Office, 325-346
Grades: 9-12
Subject:
Miracle Fish
Abstract: This lesson plan leads students through the process of designing an experiment. First, students are given a miracle fish and asked to make observations. Then, through a series of steps, they develop procedures to investigate the behavior of the fish and determine the most likely cause of the curling of the fish when it is placed in the palm of the hand. After discussing the components of an experiment, students are led through a second exploration, involving polymer spikes, where they practice and build on what they have learned by forming questions, identifying variables, making observations, collecting data, completing graphs, and drawing conclusions.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Micelles to the Rescue - How Soap Transports Debris
Abstract: Soap is an important part of our daily life, however how soap works is a mystery to many students and it’s often taken for granted. This lesson is designed for a teacher to use within context of a larger unit on mixtures and solutions. The lesson will teach students how to make a primitive soap, understand the basic chemistry behind soap, conceptualize how soap removes debris via micelle aggregation, and identify what hard water is and its effect on micelle aggregation.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: N/A
The Molecular Weight of a Polymer
Abstract: The lesson is designed to be used at the beginning of an AP or general chemistry college course. The molecular weight of a polymer can be determined using several methods such as size exclusion chromatography and dilute solution viscometry.Dilute solution viscometry is used to review a number of math concepts that are integral to an AP chemistry course, such as graphing, calculating the slope of a line, preparing and using standard curves, deriving and using constants and solving for an unknown in an equation. These concepts should be reviewed with students prior to assigning the lab activity. In this lab activity, students prepare solutions of polyethylene glycol of known molecular weight at different concentrations. The viscosity of each solution is determined using a U-tube viscometer. Data is graphed to produce a standard curve from which the values of the Mark-Houwink constants (k’ and a) are determined. Viscometry data is then measured for several solutions of polyethylene glycol of unknown molecular weight. Using the values for the constants determined from the standard curve, and the Mark-Houwink equation, the molecular weights of the unknown PEG solutions or the concentrations of the solutions can be determined.
Grades: 11-12
Subject: AP Chemistry
Mystery Powders
Abstract: Students will observe physical changes by adding water to eight different polymer powders. They will record physical properties before and after adding the water. Students will analyze their observations to identify the powders. They discover polymers are more than just plastic.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
The Nanofiber Chocolate Factory: An Analogy
Abstract: A nanometer is one billionth (1 x 10-9) of a meter which can be about 3 to 5 atoms in width. Electrospun nanofibers produced from polymer solutions are being used in unique ways by scientists. Nanotechnology allows the manipulation of matter, atom by atom at the "nanoscale." Properties of these materials are amplified due to the fact that many fibers can fit into a very small space. Scientists have found many unique ways to use such fibers from producing new materials capable of blocking moisture, removing of toxins from both water and air, delivering medicines to a specific region in or on the body, and tissue scaffolding. The possibilities are endless as scientists and inventors produce new products formed from these extremely small fibers.
In this investigation students will determine the advantages of going small by comparing the amount of chocolate syrup coating on a large diameter pretzel to that of an equal volume of smaller pretzels coated with chocolate. Students will learn what happens to the surface area as the diameter gets smaller and smaller. Students will determine what advantages exist in making the size (diameter) of a pretzel smaller. Students will make the comparison by massing a cup of chocolate syrup before and after dipping the pretzel(s). Students will use their data to support their conclusions. The lesson contains a PowerPoint review of the metric system with pictures to help students visualize large and small number lengths. Using a second PowerPoint set of slides in the elaboration, the teacher can relate the activity to the new field of nanotechnology and discuss with students why it is advantageous for newly developed materials to be so small. This often has to do with the large surface area available on nanosized particles and fibers.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology
Nanofibers: Why Go Small?
Abstract: A nanometer is one billionth (1 x 10-9) of a meter which can be about 3 to 5 atoms in width. Electrospun nanofibers produced from polymer solutions are being used in unique ways by scientists. Nanotechnology allows the manipulation of matter, atom by atom at the "nanoscale." Properties of these materials are amplified due to the fact that many fibers can fit into a very small space. Scientists have found many unique ways to use such fibers from producing new materials capable of blocking moisture, removing of toxins from both water and air, delivering medicines to a specific region in or on the body, and tissue scaffolding. The possibilities are endless as scientists and inventors produce new products formed from these extremely small fibers.
In this investigation students will determine the advantages of going small by comparing the amount of chocolate syrup coating on a large diameter pretzel to that of an equal volume of smaller pretzels coated with chocolate. Students will learn what happens to the surface area as the diameter gets smaller and smaller. Students will determine what advantages exist in making the size (diameter) of a pretzel smaller. Students will make the comparison by massing a cup of chocolate syrup before and after dipping the pretzel(s). Students will use their data, graphs and mathematical equations to support their conclusions. The lesson contains a Powerpoint review of the metric system with pictures to help students visualize large and small number lengths. Using a second Powerpoint set of slides in the elaboration, the teacher can relate the activity to the new field of nanotechnology and discuss with students why it is advantageous for newly developed materials to be so small. This often has to do with the large surface area available on nanosized particles and fibers.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Naturally Hydrophobic
Abstract: In nature, hydrophobic systems occur all around us. One such natural phenomenon is the hydrophobicity exhibited in roses and their petals. Another is the hydrophobicity of lotus leaves. The naturally non-wetting surface has micro-scale surface layer properties which create a relative high contact angle when contacted with water. Using contact angle measurements, students will investigate different commercial hydrophobic coatings. Students knowledge of surface chemistry and effective use of skills related to observations, measurement, data analysis and critical thinking will be used to design a multi-tiered experimental design. Students will utilize process to make accurate decisions supporting or disproving manufacture claims of product effectiveness.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Life Sciences, Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
No3 to Nitrate in Our Waterways
Abstract: Students will analyze water samples with a portable spectrometer for phosphate and nitrate levels in water sources. They will then apply this knowledge to understanding how monitoring these levels can be used on a global level to analyze and monitor water quality.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Biology, Chemistry, Environmental Science, Earth Science, Scientific Ways of Knowing and Scientific Inquiry
Observations and Inferences
Abstract: Students will learn to distinguish observations from inferences. Students observe what they think is a burning candle and list all their observations. In reality they are observing a cylinder of apple or potato with a burning nut on the end. When all the students' observations are listed, a discussion is lead to separate actual observations from inferences students have made. Next students observe the appearance and behavior of two balls which are similar in appearance but very different in composition. Observations and inferences are made relating to the two balls.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Scientific Inquiry
One Plus One Makes New
Abstract: Through the introduction of a historical event, students will learn about the properties of matter and how properties can change when composite materials are produced. Through initial guided experimentation, students will be able to apply the knowledge learned and design and implement their own experiments.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Ooeey Gooey Fun! But Can We Sell This Stuff? Putty Experiment
Abstract: Students create bouncing balls of various shapes and determine the differences in the height that the various balls bounce.
Grades: 10-12
Subject: N/A
Physical Properties of Bouncing Balls
Abstract: Students create bouncing balls of various shapes and determine the differences in the height that the various balls bounce.
Grades: 3-5
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Physics on the Playground
Abstract: Students are challenged to ask the question, "What materials will allow me to slide the fastest down the slide?" Allow students to make a prediction and plan a procedure to fairly test the question with polymers.
Grades: K-2
Subject: Life Sciences, Physical Sciences
Plastic Surface Competition
Abstract: The students will investigate the effect of various treatments on the adhesion of water to common plastic surfaces. The students will compete to make a plastic piece with one side able to retain the most water as possible and the other side as little water as possible. This lesson can be an introduction or review of the six recycled numbered plastics as well as the study of Polymer Engineering and surface science.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Plastics and Rubber: What's the Difference?
Abstract: In this lesson students use observation skills to classify 10-15 common household items into two groups based upon their physical properties. The items are actually all examples of rubber or plastics.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Science and Technology, Scientific Inquiry
Plink Plank Plunk
Abstract: Students will design musical instruments from provided materials to understand the following properties of sound: frequency and pitch.
Grades: 3-5
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Polymer Pie
Abstract: Students should investigate which starches will create the "best" pie. They will first brainstorm what qualities they would like to have in a custard-type pie, they investigate the properties of different commercially available starches like corn and potato in order to develop a recipe for making a "pie filling" sample that exhibits the desired properties. Students can then further investigate how the human body digests the different components of the starch (amylose and amylopectin).
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Polymer Rockets
Abstract: Students will design, create and test a polymer rocket.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing
The Polymer Schoolhouse
Abstract: Each cooperative group will construct a shoe box diorama of a particular room of their school. This would include rooms such as classrooms, playground, cafeteria, gymnasium, principal's office, art/music rooms, etc.
Grades: 3-5
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing
Polymer Shrinking Madness! Exploring Shrinking Properties and Chemical Makeup through Mass Spectrometry
Abstract: Students will then conduct a lab activity to produce a polystyrene and polyethylene sample of a certain area after shrinking the sample in a drying oven. Cost analysis of the two shapes will be calculated. Students will also discuss mass spectrometry as an analytical technique and interpret different polymer mass spectrums.
Grades: 10-12
Subject: N/A
Polymerization of Nylon
Abstract: In this lesson, students will combine two monomers to make nylon 6,6, which is a polymer.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences
Polymers Matter!
Abstract: Students will be able to learn more about properties of matter, and, they will use Polymers to observe properties of matter.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: N/A
Polymers, Where are You?
Abstract: Teacher will introduce the concept, "what is a polymer?" using video clips from the AGPA website (grades 5-8). Students will make a collection of common objects made of polymeric materials and formulate their own questions as to the make-up of these objects.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences
Properties of Spider Web Adhesion
Abstract: Students explore how spiders create their webs and the properties of the webs to catch food. This includes exploring the viscosity and velocity of the solution to see how they impact the drop size of the "glue" on the silk.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Life Sciences, Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Rethink Those Polymer Six Pack Rings
Abstract: Students will bury organic and man-made materials, some of which are polymers, to see if they decompose. They will observe the materials and record their results. After seeing that the polymer of the six-pack rings does not disintegrate at all after being buried, they will learn that these can photo degrade. They will then design and perform an experiment to photo degrade the six-pack rings and record their results.
Grades: K-2
Subject: Life Sciences, Earth and Space Sciences, Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing
Shape Memory Monsters: They Come Back!
Abstract: In this engaging two-part lab activity, students first make shape memory "monsters," using silicone rubber, stearic acid, and plastic Halloween molds. Then in the second part, students have the chance to try to destroy the monsters, by smashing them with a binder clip into a c-shape. After testing, the control sample won’t change at all. Their shape memory composite will look defeated...until students place it back in the hot water. At that point, the monster will recover to its original scary shape!
As part of the pre-lab reading, students will learn the definitions for key vocabulary such as shape memory, polymers, composites, thermoset and thermoplastic. Students will also learn some of the science behind how shape memory polymers work, and after the lab, they will explore how the types of intramolecular bonding and intermolecular forces contribute to the behaviors they observed in the lab.
Grades: 10-12
Subject: N/A
Simple Machines: Catapults
Abstract: Working in groups, students will be given materials to build and test a catapult. Then, the groups will exchange catapults so the students can improve on another group's design for accuracy and distance.
Grades: 3-5, 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology
Sink/Float Discovery Bottle
Abstract: This lesson uses a "Sink/Float Discovery Bottle" to teach students how to conduct a simple investigation, use simple equipment to make observations, use observations to arrive at a reasonable explanation, and to communicate their findings and explanations. This lesson will also teach students about the properties of objects that sink and float.
Grades: 3-5
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Smelly Synthesis
Abstract: Students will view the nylon rope demonstration to be introduced to polymer synthesis. They will then perform an inquiry investigation of organic synthesis by mixing various carboxylic acids with alcohols to create esters. Depending on the mixture between the acids and alcohols, different smells will be produced. The class will then come together and discuss the purpose of the lab and the results obtained.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Specific Gravity - The Relative Density of Liquids
Abstract: Students will learn, through the creation of their handmade hydrometer, how a hydrometer functions and what it measures. Using their hydrometer, they will determine the relative differences in specific gravity of liquids and compare these values to those obtained from a commercially manufactured hydrometer. Based on their findings, students will create their own liquid density column.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Sports Helmets and Impact Testing of Polymers
Abstract: In sports, participants may be subjected to collisions with balls or other people or even crashes on bikes and skateboards. How is it possible for athletes to tolerate such blows and still "remain in the game"? This activity allows students to use inquiry to investigate the materials used to make sports helmets, a modern form of body armor. The students will perform impact tests on plastic (polymer) samples by dropping a plumb bob from differing heights onto the samples. The tests, modeled after actual industrial testing methods, will measure the brittleness of a material that has been subjected to an intense blow. Both "hard" plastics that may be used in the outer shell of a helmet and foamed plastics that can be used for the inner lining of the helmet will be tested. The students will use data gained from their tests to determine which plastics they feel are most suitable for usage in a helmet.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Scientific Inquiry
The Stress of Being a Recycled Bag
Abstract: Students will test the tensile strength of a shopping bag and discover that the polyethylene film has a higher tensile strength when pulled parallel with the extrusion lines then when pulled perpendicular to the extrusion lines. The students then apply what they learn to design an experiment to compare the strength a shopping bag made from recycled polyethylene to one that contains no recycled material. This lesson can be done with common inexpensive materials which may be collected from the home. Teacher Notes attached.
Grades: 6-8, 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Stretch your Students' Imaginations
Abstract: Students will explore the properties of polymers using a poly putty made from glue and borax. Physical and chemical changes, conservation of energy, and kinetic friction will be explained. An extension of the lesson allows the students a fun opportunity to enter a national contest: the AGPA's annual Rubber Band Contest for Young Inventors. This contest challenges students to design and create a working invention/artwork that incorporates at least one rubber band. The entire lesson allows teachers to meet science content standards and introduce polymers and science concepts using the Best Teaching Practices HandsOn/Minds-On Learning and Authentic Problem-Based Learning.
Grades: 3-5, 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Inquiry
Study the Fizz
Abstract: This inquiry activity uses an everyday item, soda, to help the students learn the concepts of solute and solvent and to review the components of a good experiment. The students will discuss and determine manipulated and responding variables and will write a hypothesis and procedure for part of the lesson. Throughout this lesson, the best teaching practices of inquiry approaches, hands-on/minds-on learning, and applications to the real world will be emphasized.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences
Swell! How Vulcanization Affects the Properties of Rubber
Abstract: Because polymers are such large molecules, the intermolecular forces between polymer chains are stronger than most other organic substances. Rubber, despite our general suppositions on how phases of matter should behave, is a liquid at room temperature (it will flow over time). Due to the strong intermolecular forces present (van der Waal interactions), rubber is extremely viscous and seems to be a solid. If rubber is to be used in a commercial setting (such as tire manufacturing), the liquid properties of water will reveal themselves over time and with fluctuations in temperature while travelling. The solution to this problem was solved by Charles Goodyear. Through experimentation, Goodyear discovered that the addition of sulfur to a heated sample of rubber changed the properties of the rubber, making the rubber a rigid solid that did not flow over time. Today, we understand that Goodyear had discovered vulcanization, the process of linking polymer chains to one another covalently. Rather than flowing over time, vulcanized (or “cross-linked”) rubber contains polymer chains that are “locked” into place and, as a result, is useful for the production of tires that are expected to withstand high temperatures and degradation over time without deforming. The vulcanization of rubber revolutionized the production of tires and, with the later addition of nanofillers such as carbon black, has resulted in reliable tires that withstand the harsh conditions through which we expect the tires to survive.
This lesson introduces the concept of cross-linking rubber and how cross-linking affects the properties of a rubber sample. The lesson itself can be accomplished in 2 days. The first day should be spent introducing polymers and their properties/uses. The second day should be spent on exploration into cross-linking, the Borax/glue demonstration, and beginning the swell test. The swelling test itself will take between 10 and 14 days (undisturbed). This lesson is excellent to begin just before a holiday break, to give the test time to complete while students are not attending class daily.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: N/A
That's Slick! Using Polymers to Clean Oil Spills
Abstract: This lesson will help a teacher provide in-depth, age appropriate instruction related to intermolecular forces, miscibility, and oil absorbing polymer. Additionally, the lesson has an environmental component which gives students a relevant, real-life example of the effects of an oil spill and how such a disaster could be dealt with. There is an in-depth laboratory which allow students to test the effectiveness of the oil absorbing polymer under specific conditions – pH, temperature, salinity, and its effectiveness on bird feathers.
Grades: 7-12
Subject: N/A
Using Current Data for Graphing Skills
Abstract: Everywhere you look graphs surround your life. All types of businesses, periodicals, and reference materials utilize graphs to visually depict statistical information. Graphing skills are not only helpful within the walls of a science classroom but also in understanding the complexities of everyday life. This lesson is designed to help students identify the difference between an effective and ineffective graph, draw their own graphs, and interpret and relay information in a graph into another form of communication. This elsson requires the use of computers and the Internet by student groups.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Scientific Inquiry
Wacky Water
Abstract: The polar nature of water allows this molecule to carry out many important functions in living systems and the geochemistry of Earth. In this activity students will closely observe the behavior of water droplets to understand cohesion, adhesion, surface tension, and capillary action. Students will conduct contact angle measurements to quantify the wettability (hydrophilic, hydrophobic, or superhydrophilic nature) of surfaces. Through these investigations students will extend their understanding biomimicry and how the properties of water can be used to solve real-life problems.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: N/A
What Happens to the Heat?
Abstract: Students will initially visualize the concepts of conduction and insulation through a discrepant event demonstration where materials are heated at high temperatures to show that certain materials will heat up more quickly than others. Afterwards, students will investigate these same concepts using round washers made of different materials to quantify energy transfer through temperature changes. Students will then participate in an interactive activity to define random motion, absolute zero, heat conduction, heat conductor, thermal equilibrium, closed systems, thermal radiation, and photons as well as develop a strong understanding of thermal energy transfer through conduction and radiation. Finally, students will design and create a device to reduce or increase thermal conduction and measure temperature change between real objects as a culminating activity.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
What is a Polymer?
Abstract: Students will explore polymers in the everyday world. They will use their senses (except taste) to make observations and investigate the properties of polymers.
Grades: 3-5, 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
What's in Crude Oil?
Abstract: Students will be divided into research teams. Each team will research how fractional distillation works, as well as describe one of the major products of fractional distillation. Students will then use distillation to separate 2 liquids. The concept of density will be used. (D=M/V).
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Earth and Space Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing
Where Did the Water Go?
Abstract: As a result of the teacher-conducted discrepant event demonstration (described below), students will pose a problem. They will formulate their hypotheses, conduct experiments, and report their findings. Since it is unlikely that the students will be able to reproduce the outcome of the teachers' demonstration, it will be pointed out to them that very often scientific investigations do not lead to "answers".
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Scientific Inquiry
Where in the World is Rubber?
Abstract: In this social studies lesson plan, students will learn about the various people and places associated with those areas that produce natural rubber. They will be able to define and identify specific regions using human and physical characteristics.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Other
Where to Live?
Abstract: The use of computerized information is a growing part of everyday life. More and more people around the country and around the globe are plugging into geographic, social, economic, political, and environmental information to answer practical questions in their lives. The answers they find have relevance in their education, affect their business decisions, expand their understanding of the place they call home, and influence personal choices.
In this lesson, students will explore various aspects of their world using a Geographic Information System in order to make decisions.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Science and Technology, Scientific Inquiry
Will it Stretch?
Abstract: Students will receive unexpected results when a rubber band is heated and cooled. From this activity they will learn about one of the unique physical properties of the polymer, rubber.
In this lesson, students will explore various aspects of their world using a Geographic Information System in order to make decisions.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
You are What You Eat!
Abstract: Through hands-on activities and inquiry, students will construct a simple calorimeter. Through experimentation and simple calculation, students will determine the number of calories in a sample of food. Through the use of the Internet, students will plan a meal and calculate the number of calories the meal contains. From that calorie count, they will devise an exercise program to "burn off" the calories consumed.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Young's Modulus: An Investigation of Stress Versus Strain Using PDMS Polymer
Abstract: This Lesson is based upon Young's Elastic Modulus. Young's Elastic Modulus (E) closely relates itself to the spring constant (K) used in traditional classroom physics when teaching Hooke's Law. This is outlined in detail in the power point for further information. Through this construction, this lesson can bridge the gap between the engineering scope and traditional physics concepts taught in the classroom. By using a silicone base polymer, we will investigate young's elastic modulus by changing the chemical composition. This polymer used comes from the Sylgard company. This comes as a mix and pour kit of silicone polymer with a cross linking agent (Sylgard 184).
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Ziplock Chemistry
Abstract: Three substances are mixed in a sealed plastic bag. A reaction occurs that causes the bag to get warm and expand while the color of the contents of the bag changes.
Grades: 3-5, 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Making Bouncing Balls
Abstract: Children have the opportunity to use different materials to make balls. They design and build balls and explore how their balls roll, bounce, and fall. They also take apart old balls to see how they are made and use these ideas in making more balls.
Grades: K-2
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing
Physics on the Playground
Abstract: Students are challenged to ask the question, "What materials will allow me to slide the fastest down the slide?" Allow students to make a prediction and plan a procedure to fairly test the question with polymers.
Grades: K-2
Subject: Life Sciences, Physical Sciences
Rethink Those Polymer Six Pack Rings
Abstract: Students will bury organic and man-made materials, some of which are polymers, to see if they decompose. They will observe the materials and record their results. After seeing that the polymer of the six-pack rings does not disintegrate at all after being buried, they will learn that these can photo degrade. They will then design and perform an experiment to photo degrade the six-pack rings and record their results.
Grades: K-2
Subject: Life Sciences, Earth and Space Sciences, Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing
A Brief History of Rubber
Abstract: In this social studies lesson plan, students will explore the development of rubber and its use in society. They will research the history of rubber and will construct a timeline to display key events and the progression of rubber's use in society.
Grades: 5-8
Subject: Other
Cups Under Pressure
Abstract: Students will observe how a Styrofoam cup shrinks under pressure in a cooker.
Grades: 3-5, 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Jungle Gym Drop
Abstract: Through several trials of dropping objects from various levels of a jungle-gym, students will be able to find out more about gravity, forces, and motion.
Grades: 3-5
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing
Magnetic Discovery Bottle
Abstract: This lesson uses a "Magnetic Discovery Bottle" to teach students: how to conduct a simple investigation; to use simple equipment to gather data; to use data to arrive at a reasonable explanation; to communicate the investigations and explanations; to describe the properties of magnets; to explain why some materials are magnetic and some are not.
Grades: 3-5
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Making a Model Lung
Abstract: In "The Model Lung" lesson students will construct a simple model of the human lung and use this model to identify the structure and function of the lung. In the lesson extension, students will model and research malfunctions to the respiratory system due to illness or disease.
Grades: 3-5
Subject: Scientific Inquiry
Physical Properties of Bouncing Balls
Abstract: Students create bouncing balls of various shapes and determine the differences in the height that the various balls bounce.
Grades: 3-5
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Plink Plank Plunk
Abstract: Students will design musical instruments from provided materials to understand the following properties of sound: frequency and pitch.
Grades: 3-5
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
The Polymer Schoolhouse
Abstract: Each cooperative group will construct a shoe box diorama of a particular room of their school. This would include rooms such as classrooms, playground, cafeteria, gymnasium, principal's office, art/music rooms, etc.
Grades: 3-5
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing
Simple Machines: Catapults
Abstract: Working in groups, students will be given materials to build and test a catapult. Then, the groups will exchange catapults so the students can improve on another group's design for accuracy and distance.
Grades: 3-5, 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology
Sink/Float Discovery Bottle
Abstract: This lesson uses a "Sink/Float Discovery Bottle" to teach students how to conduct a simple investigation, use simple equipment to make observations, use observations to arrive at a reasonable explanation, and to communicate their findings and explanations. This lesson will also teach students about the properties of objects that sink and float.
Grades: 3-5
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Stretch your Students' Imaginations
Abstract: Students will explore the properties of polymers using a poly putty made from glue and borax. Physical and chemical changes, conservation of energy, and kinetic friction will be explained. An extension of the lesson allows the students a fun opportunity to enter a national contest: the AGPA's annual Rubber Band Contest for Young Inventors. This contest challenges students to design and create a working invention/artwork that incorporates at least one rubber band. The entire lesson allows teachers to meet science content standards and introduce polymers and science concepts using the Best Teaching Practices HandsOn/Minds-On Learning and Authentic Problem-Based Learning.
Grades: 3-5, 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Inquiry
What is a Polymer?
Abstract: Students will explore polymers in the everyday world. They will use their senses (except taste) to make observations and investigate the properties of polymers.
Grades: 3-5, 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Ziplock Chemistry
Abstract: Three substances are mixed in a sealed plastic bag. A reaction occurs that causes the bag to get warm and expand while the color of the contents of the bag changes.
Grades: 3-5, 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
A Brief History of Rubber
Abstract: In this social studies lesson plan, students will explore the development of rubber and its use in society. They will research the history of rubber and will construct a timeline to display key events and the progression of rubber's use in society.
Grades: 5-8
Subject: Other
Adhesives: How Sticky is Your Tape? - Man-made Products
Abstract: In this lesson, students will test the shear strength of different sticky tapes by performing tests in which they will take measurements, record data, and report their findings. They will explain how the usefulness of a manufactured product depends on its function for a particular purpose. Students will learn about how scientists and engineers look to nature to invent products that are useful in our lives.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Adhesives: Measuring Stickiness - Natural Products
Abstract: Students will make a simple device to test the stickiness (adhesion) of household "glues" to determine strength or weakness of the substance to stick two surfaces together. This experience leads to a discussion of adhesion, adhesives (glues), product testing, and applications to daily life. Optional suggestions for Internet research on adhesives are provided.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Balloon Ball Bounce
Abstract: In this activity, students will realize that different sports use balls with different amounts of rebound. Understanding this idea, the students will determine if the number of balloons in a balloon ball affect the rebound height. The students will then use the ball to discuss energy conversions.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
The Bending and Bouncing of Light
Abstract: Students will learn about the transfer of light energy as it interacts with matter. Key terms of refraction and reflection will be explored through hands-on inquiry. The science of the formation of rainbows will also explored.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Earth and Space Sciences, Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Build a Better Bouncer
Abstract: Students discover the effect of placing additives in a glue-based putty to alter the physical properties of the putty. They are then challenged to use their knowledge to design the best bouncing ball possible from the simple materials available to them.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Can You See the Light?
Abstract: Students will learn through design and implementation of their own experiments about the transmission of light energy. Vocabulary terms such as transparent, translucent, and opaque are introduced and explored through hands-on exploration.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Check Out Lights and Shields with Beads
Abstract: Students explore Ultraviolet (UV) detecting beads, conduct several investigations with them to find sources of UV radiation, and find materials that block U V radiation. Eventually students will realize that over-exposure to UV radiation is harmful to their eyes and skin.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences
Chemistry of Coatings: A Scientific Inquiry Project
Abstract: The goal of this lesson is to introduce high school science students to scientific inquiry by creating and conducting their own experiment or engineering design under various constraints. The challenge is to create the “best” support beam out of epoxy resin using limited materials and a ratio of their choosing while being the most cost effective. At the conclusion of this lesson, students should have a better understanding of the engineering design matrix as compared to the scientific method and how the two work together to give a scientist meaningful insight. Students will also increase their knowledge of polymers and the importance of polymers in various coatings by conducting research on epoxy resins.
Grades: 7-12
Subject: Physical Sciences
Classifying Solids: Matter
Abstract: Students make observations of solids and classify the items into groups based on their properties. Students are introduced to the three states of matter.
Grades: 3-5
Subject: Physical Sciences
Cling On's
Abstract: Through design and implementation of their own experiments, students will learn about static electricity and its relationship with various materials. Additionally, students will learn the conditions in which static electricity is produced and how it can be reduced.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Color Your World
Abstract: In this lesson students solve a problem about painting the walls of a room. Dimensions of the problem include calculating the surface area to be painted, the cost of the paint and labor, and the amount of time expended. After students report their solutions, a new technology is introduced that would both save time and money. Besides this home decor example, other examples of this amazing advance in polymer films can be discussed after viewing a short video clip of Dr. Miko Cakmak, Professor of Polymer Engineering at The University of Akron.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Science and Technology
Condiment Diver: The World's Simplest Cartesian Diver
Abstract: This activity uses a condiment packet to teach students how fish use their swim bladders to rise and descend in the water. The students will also learn about density, buoyancy, and sinking and floating.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Consider Your Options
Abstract: Students will watch another student make a lunch to take to school. The students will make a list of all the plastic items used to make the lunch. Discussion will follow about the items used to make a complete list. Other students will make the same lunch without using plastic items.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing
Counting Animal Populations
Abstract: Through hands-on investigation, students will learn about the method field scientists use to determine the population of a species for a specified study area. Through collaboration they will design and implement their own strategic method for counting the population of students in their school.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Life Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Creating Shape Memory Polymers
Abstract: Shape memory polymers are an emerging class of polymers that have the capability of changing into a different programmed shape and then back to its original shape. This shape change is usually caused by some outside stimulus like heat, light, magnetism or electricity. Because shape memory polymers can exist in different shapes, they have many potential uses such as self-tying sutures, medical implants and other high tech applications. In this activity, students will transform a homemade rubber band into a shape memory polymer using latex and lauric acid. Students will then be tasked with creating specific shapes with their shape memory polymer as well as creating new shapes of their own.
Grades: 7-12
Subject: Scientific Inquiry
Cross that Bridge!
Abstract: This hands-on inquiry activity sets up a problem for students (design a bridge) and gives them specific constraints (type of materials, amount of materials, length of bridge, etc.) under which to work. The participants will work in groups to brainstorm and test multiple bridge designs. Throughout this lesson, the best teaching practices of inquiry approaches, hands-on/minds-on learning, and applications to the real world, will be emphasized.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Science and Technology, Scientific Inquiry
Cups Under Pressure
Abstract: Students will observe how a Styrofoam cup shrinks under pressure in a cooker.
Grades: 3-5, 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Describing the Motion of a Battery Powered Car
Abstract: Students use the variables of time and distance traveled to observe the characteristics of a distance vs time graphs for the motion of a battery powered car operating with one battery then again with two batteries. This allows students to explore how the number of batteries used to power the car affects the characteristics of distance vs time graphs. Students then use the time and distance data collected for the motion of the cars in the two trials to calculate the average speed of the car in each case. The average speeds will then be compared to the slopes of the respective distance vs. time graphs.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Determining the Density of Water
Abstract: Students will determine the density of one drop of water using experimental laboratory methods and graphing techniques, and then independently find the density of another liquid such as cooking oil. This lesson can be teacher directed or conducted as an open investigation.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Diaper Challenge
Abstract: Students will compare the absorbency of regular disposable diapers with Swimmers in fresh water and salt water.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences
The Dirt on Soil
Abstract: Through hands-on exploration, students will learn about three basic soil types and some of their physical properties. Concepts of porosity and permeability will be developed through experimentation. Students will design and implement a model of a water treatment plant.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Earth and Space Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Inquiry
Downhill Racer
Abstract: Students investigate the motion of a car traveling on an inclined plane and along a flat surface. Students observe the pattern of drops left by the moving car. The changing distances between the successive drops indicate that the car was not traveling at a constant speed. From the drops, students will be able to collect data and graph both the velocity and acceleration of the car.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Egg Walk Challenge
Abstract: Students will design a pair of shoes using plastics that will enable them to walk on eggs without breaking them.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technoogy, Scientific Ways of Knowing
Electromagnetic Energy and Its Spectrum
Abstract: As a result of hands-on exploration and inquiry, students will learn about electromagnetic radiation and the electromagnetic spectrum. Students will create waves to understand the relationship between energy and wavelength. Students will design and implement an experiment to reduce UV exposure to an object.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Earth and Space Sciences, Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
The Engineering Design Process: Aerogels
Abstract: Research currently being done at the University of Akron involves the creation of a gel polymer emulsion to make aerogels. The emulsifying agent (and dissolved phase) in the gel cannot simply be evaporated out because the holes left behind in the gel will collapse. Thus, a multistep solution exchange process is performed to get rid of the emulsifying agent (and dissolved phase) and leave the pores (holes) left behind intact. The result is a solid with lots and lots of holes in it called an aerogel.
Aerogels have been used in recent years by NASA and other entities because they have unique properties like being of a very low density and being incredible thermal insulators. Though they are very useful, aerogels are not widely used because it is still expensive to manufacture them on a large scale.
In this lesson, students will mimic polymer/process engineers by designing a process to eliminate chocolate chips from chocolate chip cookie dough (their “gel”) without destroying the holes left behind. This is a STEM lesson is in which the engineering design process is taught. An engineering design notebook is provided as well as metrics (including required teacher signatures at various points and Self, Peer, Group Evaluations) for ensuring that all students are on task at all times. Further, this notebook makes assessing individual contributions to the cooperative assignments easier many other projects.
Grades: 6-12
Subject: Other
Exploring the Physical and Chemical Properties of Polymers
Abstract: This activity involves the students in an inquiry based examination of the physical and chemical properties of polymers.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Fishing Line Tests
Abstract: This lab is to test the stretch and breaking points of various brands and strength of polymer fishing lines and to graph the data collected.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Scientific Inquiry
Float Your Boat
Abstract: Through design and implementation of their own experiments about Archimedes' Principle, students will learn the effects of the force of buoyancy, and the role density plays in the sinking and float of objects.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
The Great Rube Goldberg Polymer Machine
Abstract: Using the Rube Goldberg over-engineered method of design, students will find and utilize only polymers to construct a machine that will move a Polymer object (ball, car, etc) from point A to point B. They must incorporate a Shape-Memory Polymer and at least one example from each category of polymers found in the recycle codes for plastic #1 - #7. The object must change directions at least three times during the trip. This entire lesson allows teachers to meet science content standards and introduce polymers and other science concepts using Best Teaching Practices, Hands-on/Minds-on Learning and Authentic Problem-based Learning.
Grades: 6-8, 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Inquiry
Hold On Tight!
Abstract: In this lesson, students will test the strength of different sticky tapes, such as duct tape, cellophane tape, medical bandage tape, and painters' tape, by performing tests in which they will take measurements, record data, and report their findings. They will explain how the usefulness of a manufactured product depends on its function for a particular purpose. Content information includes a discussion of types of adhesives and the mechanisms by which they work.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
How Creepy!
Abstract: Students will observe, measure, and graph a model of slow downslope movement. This task assesses students' abilities to collect, record, and organize data, set up graph axes, plot data points, draw line graphs, apply mathematics, infer based on observational data, predict based on a model, and apply models to other situations.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Earth and Space Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
How Shocking!
Abstract: Students will be challenged to build a shock absorbing structure using different polymeric materials or rubber that would best protect a gelatin "head" during an impact.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Hydrate Me!
Abstract: In this lesson students will be learning about hydrogels and their importance in wound healing. Students will be completing a lab activity using a hydrogel to determine how well it can hold water.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Life Sciences, Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Identifying Unknown Polymers Using Density Measurements
Abstract: There are many different polymers with wide applications and uses. Basic polymers can be described by recycling code such as code 1 for PETE, polyethylene terephthalate. In this lesson activity students will become knowledgeable in six types of polymers and their common uses. Students will identify polymers by performing density measurements of each polymer. Results will be confirmed by float/sink test of each polymer.
Grades: 8-9
Subject: N/A
Industrial Processes of Polymers: How Toys are Made
Abstract: Students explore the ties between science and technology as they simulate the plastic manufacturing processes of extrusion, injection molding and blow molding. Interest is stimulated, and questions are initiated, as students examine a variety of simple plastic toys. Students try to find traits that would lead them to suggest a process by which a given toy was made. Next, students form "manufacturing companies" and actually extrude a product using a common toy - the Play-Doh Fun Factory®. Students also make an injection molded product using a hot glue gun, and a blow molded product using plastic tubing and a simple mold. Finally, students review their original set of toys and classify them as injected, extruded, or blow molded.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Miracle Fish
Abstract: This lesson plan leads students through the process of designing an experiment. First, students are given a miracle fish and asked to make observations. Then, through a series of steps, they develop procedures to investigate the behavior of the fish and determine the most likely cause of the curling of the fish when it is placed in the palm of the hand. After discussing the components of an experiment, students are led through a second exploration, involving polymer spikes, where they practice and build on what they have learned by forming questions, identifying variables, making observations, collecting data, completing graphs, and drawing conclusions.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Mystery Powders
Abstract: Students will observe physical changes by adding water to eight different polymer powders. They will record physical properties before and after adding the water. Students will analyze their observations to identify the powders. They discover polymers are more than just plastic.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
The Nanofiber Chocolate Factory: An Analogy
Abstract: A nanometer is one billionth (1 x 10-9) of a meter which can be about 3 to 5 atoms in width. Electrospun nanofibers produced from polymer solutions are being used in unique ways by scientists. Nanotechnology allows the manipulation of matter, atom by atom at the "nanoscale." Properties of these materials are amplified due to the fact that many fibers can fit into a very small space. Scientists have found many unique ways to use such fibers from producing new materials capable of blocking moisture, removing of toxins from both water and air, delivering medicines to a specific region in or on the body, and tissue scaffolding. The possibilities are endless as scientists and inventors produce new products formed from these extremely small fibers.
In this investigation students will determine the advantages of going small by comparing the amount of chocolate syrup coating on a large diameter pretzel to that of an equal volume of smaller pretzels coated with chocolate. Students will learn what happens to the surface area as the diameter gets smaller and smaller. Students will determine what advantages exist in making the size (diameter) of a pretzel smaller. Students will make the comparison by massing a cup of chocolate syrup before and after dipping the pretzel(s). Students will use their data to support their conclusions. The lesson contains a PowerPoint review of the metric system with pictures to help students visualize large and small number lengths. Using a second PowerPoint set of slides in the elaboration, the teacher can relate the activity to the new field of nanotechnology and discuss with students why it is advantageous for newly developed materials to be so small. This often has to do with the large surface area available on nanosized particles and fibers.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology
Observations and Inferences
Abstract: Students will learn to distinguish observations from inferences. Students observe what they think is a burning candle and list all their observations. In reality they are observing a cylinder of apple or potato with a burning nut on the end. When all the students' observations are listed, a discussion is lead to separate actual observations from inferences students have made. Next students observe the appearance and behavior of two balls which are similar in appearance but very different in composition. Observations and inferences are made relating to the two balls.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Scientific Inquiry
One Plus One Makes New
Abstract: Through the introduction of a historical event, students will learn about the properties of matter and how properties can change when composite materials are produced. Through initial guided experimentation, students will be able to apply the knowledge learned and design and implement their own experiments.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Plastics and Rubber: What's the Difference?
Abstract: In this lesson students use observation skills to classify 10-15 common household items into two groups based upon their physical properties. The items are actually all examples of rubber or plastics.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Science and Technology, Scientific Inquiry
Polymer Rockets
Abstract: Students will design, create and test a polymer rocket.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing
Polymers Matter!
Abstract: Students will be able to learn more about properties of matter, and, they will use Polymers to observe properties of matter.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: N/A
Polymers, Where are You?
Abstract: Teacher will introduce the concept, "what is a polymer?" using video clips from the AGPA website (grades 5-8). Students will make a collection of common objects made of polymeric materials and formulate their own questions as to the make-up of these objects.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences
Simple Machines: Catapults
Abstract: Working in groups, students will be given materials to build and test a catapult. Then, the groups will exchange catapults so the students can improve on another group's design for accuracy and distance.
Grades: 3-5, 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology
Specific Gravity - The Relative Density of Liquids
Abstract: Students will learn, through the creation of their handmade hydrometer, how a hydrometer functions and what it measures. Using their hydrometer, they will determine the relative differences in specific gravity of liquids and compare these values to those obtained from a commercially manufactured hydrometer. Based on their findings, students will create their own liquid density column.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Sports Helmets and Impact Testing of Polymers
Abstract: In sports, participants may be subjected to collisions with balls or other people or even crashes on bikes and skateboards. How is it possible for athletes to tolerate such blows and still "remain in the game"? This activity allows students to use inquiry to investigate the materials used to make sports helmets, a modern form of body armor. The students will perform impact tests on plastic (polymer) samples by dropping a plumb bob from differing heights onto the samples. The tests, modeled after actual industrial testing methods, will measure the brittleness of a material that has been subjected to an intense blow. Both "hard" plastics that may be used in the outer shell of a helmet and foamed plastics that can be used for the inner lining of the helmet will be tested. The students will use data gained from their tests to determine which plastics they feel are most suitable for usage in a helmet.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Scientific Inquiry
The Stress of Being a Recycled Bag
Abstract: Students will test the tensile strength of a shopping bag and discover that the polyethylene film has a higher tensile strength when pulled parallel with the extrusion lines then when pulled perpendicular to the extrusion lines. The students then apply what they learn to design an experiment to compare the strength a shopping bag made from recycled polyethylene to one that contains no recycled material. This lesson can be done with common inexpensive materials which may be collected from the home. Teacher Notes attached.
Grades: 6-8, 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Stretch your Students' Imaginations
Abstract: Students will explore the properties of polymers using a poly putty made from glue and borax. Physical and chemical changes, conservation of energy, and kinetic friction will be explained. An extension of the lesson allows the students a fun opportunity to enter a national contest: the AGPA's annual Rubber Band Contest for Young Inventors. This contest challenges students to design and create a working invention/artwork that incorporates at least one rubber band. The entire lesson allows teachers to meet science content standards and introduce polymers and science concepts using the Best Teaching Practices HandsOn/Minds-On Learning and Authentic Problem-Based Learning.
Grades: 3-5, 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Inquiry
Study the Fizz
Abstract: This inquiry activity uses an everyday item, soda, to help the students learn the concepts of solute and solvent and to review the components of a good experiment. The students will discuss and determine manipulated and responding variables and will write a hypothesis and procedure for part of the lesson. Throughout this lesson, the best teaching practices of inquiry approaches, hands-on/minds-on learning, and applications to the real world will be emphasized.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences
That's Slick! Using Polymers to Clean Oil Spills
Abstract: This lesson will help a teacher provide in-depth, age appropriate instruction related to intermolecular forces, miscibility, and oil absorbing polymer. Additionally, the lesson has an environmental component which gives students a relevant, real-life example of the effects of an oil spill and how such a disaster could be dealt with. There is an in-depth laboratory which allow students to test the effectiveness of the oil absorbing polymer under specific conditions – pH, temperature, salinity, and its effectiveness on bird feathers.
Grades: 7-12
Subject: N/A
Using Current Data for Graphing Skills
Abstract: Everywhere you look graphs surround your life. All types of businesses, periodicals, and reference materials utilize graphs to visually depict statistical information. Graphing skills are not only helpful within the walls of a science classroom but also in understanding the complexities of everyday life. This lesson is designed to help students identify the difference between an effective and ineffective graph, draw their own graphs, and interpret and relay information in a graph into another form of communication. This elsson requires the use of computers and the Internet by student groups.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Scientific Inquiry
What Happens to the Heat?
Abstract: Students will initially visualize the concepts of conduction and insulation through a discrepant event demonstration where materials are heated at high temperatures to show that certain materials will heat up more quickly than others. Afterwards, students will investigate these same concepts using round washers made of different materials to quantify energy transfer through temperature changes. Students will then participate in an interactive activity to define random motion, absolute zero, heat conduction, heat conductor, thermal equilibrium, closed systems, thermal radiation, and photons as well as develop a strong understanding of thermal energy transfer through conduction and radiation. Finally, students will design and create a device to reduce or increase thermal conduction and measure temperature change between real objects as a culminating activity.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
What is a Polymer?
Abstract: Students will explore polymers in the everyday world. They will use their senses (except taste) to make observations and investigate the properties of polymers.
Grades: 3-5, 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
What's in Crude Oil?
Abstract: Students will be divided into research teams. Each team will research how fractional distillation works, as well as describe one of the major products of fractional distillation. Students will then use distillation to separate 2 liquids. The concept of density will be used. (D=M/V).
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Earth and Space Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing
Where Did the Water Go?
Abstract: As a result of the teacher-conducted discrepant event demonstration (described below), students will pose a problem. They will formulate their hypotheses, conduct experiments, and report their findings. Since it is unlikely that the students will be able to reproduce the outcome of the teachers' demonstration, it will be pointed out to them that very often scientific investigations do not lead to "answers".
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Scientific Inquiry
Where in the World is Rubber?
Abstract: In this social studies lesson plan, students will learn about the various people and places associated with those areas that produce natural rubber. They will be able to define and identify specific regions using human and physical characteristics.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Other
Where to Live?
Abstract: The use of computerized information is a growing part of everyday life. More and more people around the country and around the globe are plugging into geographic, social, economic, political, and environmental information to answer practical questions in their lives. The answers they find have relevance in their education, affect their business decisions, expand their understanding of the place they call home, and influence personal choices.
In this lesson, students will explore various aspects of their world using a Geographic Information System in order to make decisions.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Science and Technology, Scientific Inquiry
Will it Stretch?
Abstract: Students will receive unexpected results when a rubber band is heated and cooled. From this activity they will learn about one of the unique physical properties of the polymer, rubber.
In this lesson, students will explore various aspects of their world using a Geographic Information System in order to make decisions.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
You are What You Eat!
Abstract: Through hands-on activities and inquiry, students will construct a simple calorimeter. Through experimentation and simple calculation, students will determine the number of calories in a sample of food. Through the use of the Internet, students will plan a meal and calculate the number of calories the meal contains. From that calorie count, they will devise an exercise program to "burn off" the calories consumed.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Ziplock Chemistry
Abstract: Three substances are mixed in a sealed plastic bag. A reaction occurs that causes the bag to get warm and expand while the color of the contents of the bag changes.
Grades: 3-5, 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
3D Printing vs. Transfer Molding Comparative Analysis
Abstract: Students are completing a comparative analysis to test the physical properties of a given material using two different devices: a 3D printer & transfer mold machine. In technical terms: students using an
extruder will make their own filaments and 3D print Izod Impact Resistance Bars and Tensile Bars to test the material & production-process strength against the same material/shaped bar for Izod & Tensile Bars made using a transfer mold machine. Students will complete a comparative analysis of two tests: Izod Impact Resistance ASTM D-256 & Tensile Strength ASTM D-638M. (Again, optional 3-point bend test could be conducted in place of these two tests). Students will evaluate their data to provide a solution to a real-world problem in industry/society that they determine to answer. Students will need to conduct research to determine a real-world problem. Students’ data must be used to support their claim to their answer of the real-world problem based on prioritized criteria and trade-offs that account for a range of constraints, including cost, safety, reliability, and aesthetics as well as possible social, cultural, and
environmental impacts.
*Note* This lesson is written for Engineering Students completing a Polymer Testing Course; but the research aspect can be adapted to fit the research/report needs of a chemistry or physics class with an optional modified 3-point bend testing version with different directionally printed 3-D samples in the worksheets section for those without the proper equipment.
Grades: 10-12
Subject: Other
A Comparative Study of Lactase and Lactase Supplements
Abstract: Lactose intolerance is the number one known enzyme deficiency, with over 70% of the worlds (adult) population affected. According to the Encyclopedia of Children's Health (http://www.healthofchildren.com/C/Carbohydrate-Intolerance.html) there are 30 to 50 million Americans who suffer from Lactose Intolerance. In this lesson, students will conduct a comparative study to examine the effectiveness of Lactase supplements versus pure Lactase? The lesson is presented as an inquiry lesson, but the attached worksheet provides guided instructions.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Life Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
A Test of Adhesive Strength
Abstract: Students investigate the variables that may impact the peel force of different tapes/adhesives. This includes, factors such as the type of adhesive, peel force, angle, width of sample, and velocity of pull. Although all these may be tested some relationships are trivial for high school students depending on the level. So we will test angle, width, velocity and their relationship to the peel force.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Life Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Applications of Polymer Engineering Self-Healing Polymers Through Encapsulation
Abstract: Encapsulated polymers have many applications from drug delivery to self-healing materials. Capsules can be designed in a variety of different ways from encapsulating the polymer to using the polymer to form a capsule around the compound. There is a research group out of The University of Akron working on encapsulating an Alkyd polymer inside of a silica shell to be used as an additive in coating agents that will give the coating self-healing properties. In this lesson students will investigate the encapsulation process by using a polymer sodium alginate to form a capsule around fruit juice by crosslinking the polymer when it encounters a calcium lactate solution. The students will then add these capsules to gelatin and test the properties of the capsules and modified gelatin.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: N/A
Biomimicry Using Polymers to Mimic Pinecones or Flowers
Abstract: Inspired by natural hygromorphs, students recreate or simulate how pinecones open and close based on their moisture content. Students use rubber pieces that are glued together and made of two different densities. These biomimetic bilayer structures replicate simple models of natural occurrences such as pine cones opening when dry and closing when moist. Because we are using rubber polymers our biomimetic bilayers will open and close using acetone, a solvent that will absorb into rubber much the way water would be absorbed in a pine cone.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: N/A
Building Polymer Cup Speakers
Abstract: Students will establish criteria by which to test their speakers. Students will construct and test their speaker. The students will compare speakers and test variable components of a speaker.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences
Can You Get Enough Protein from Milk Alternatives?
Abstract: This guided inquiry lesson allows students to apply their knowledge of organic compounds (primarily proteins) to their everyday life. Biochemistry lessons on proteins and enzyme insufficiency often make students wonder how someone who is lactose intolerant can obtain essential proteins from milk alternatives. This lesson lets students explore whether or not milk alternatives have the same protein concentration as traditional milk.
Grades: 9-10
Subject: Life Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Chemistry of Coatings: A Scientific Inquiry Project
Abstract: The goal of this lesson is to introduce high school science students to scientific inquiry by creating and conducting their own experiment or engineering design under various constraints. The challenge is to create the “best” support beam out of epoxy resin using limited materials and a ratio of their choosing while being the most cost effective. At the conclusion of this lesson, students should have a better understanding of the engineering design matrix as compared to the scientific method and how the two work together to give a scientist meaningful insight. Students will also increase their knowledge of polymers and the importance of polymers in various coatings by conducting research on epoxy resins.
Grades: 7-12
Subject: Physical Sciences
Classification of Matter
Abstract: This activity involves the students in an inquiry into classifying various materials.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Creating Shape Memory Polymers
Abstract: Shape memory polymers are an emerging class of polymers that have the capability of changing into a different programmed shape and then back to its original shape. This shape change is usually caused by some outside stimulus like heat, light, magnetism or electricity. Because shape memory polymers can exist in different shapes, they have many potential uses such as self-tying sutures, medical implants and other high tech applications. In this activity, students will transform a homemade rubber band into a shape memory polymer using latex and lauric acid. Students will then be tasked with creating specific shapes with their shape memory polymer as well as creating new shapes of their own.
Grades: 7-12
Subject: Scientific Inquiry
Decomposition of Polymers: Removal of Chewing Gum
Abstract: Our lives are fraught daily with things that gum up the works; especially chewing gum. If it happens to attach itself to your clothes, hair, or (heaven forbid) the inside of the family clothes dryer you have a real problem.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: N/A
Determining the Age of Fossils
Abstract: This lesson is designed to help students understand the concepts of radioactive dating to help determine the approximate age of fossils and rocks. After this lesson students will have an understanding of how maerials undergo radioactive decay and that the rate of decay allows scientists to predict the approximate age of the specimen. This lesson is geared to help take the "mystery" out of scientific dating of rocks and fossils.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Earth and Space Sciences
Determining the Coefficient of Friction for Various Tires on a Ramp
Abstract: Students will determine the coefficient of kinetic and static friction for various tires such as tractor, truck, bike, high performance, tourism. They will then have to apply this knowledge to solve a practical problem.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Diaper Dilemma
Abstract: Students will learn what a polymer is and some uses of polymer materials in science. The student will research the polymer sodium polyacrylate. The student will then use inquiry and design a series of tests with given materials to see which brand of diaper will be best for the city hospital to use. Students will have to interpret their results and data to formulate this plan. They will write their results in a letter and will present their results to the class.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Earth and Space Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Drug Delivery with Polymer Based Nanoparticles
Abstract: Students will critique common drug delivery techniques and analyze ways that newer nanotechnology techniques could be more beneficial for drug delivery. The students will be responsible for investigating the properties needed for nanoparticles to be used in biological systems in order for cellular uptake to occur and for proper release of the entrapped drug to take place. Students will use prior knowledge of cellular transport and cellular structures to guide them in this inquiry. Once students construct parameters needed to potentially design the nanoparticles, and the teacher has steered them towards working with polymers, they will choose a variable they would like to test on model particles and hypothesize its effect on the particles release of the entrapped material. Students will create their model particles in the lab and then investigate the environmental variable on the particles by designing an experiment in the lab. Students can then draw conclusions on the effectiveness of their particles based on one parameter of their initial design.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Energy Cars and Polymers: Reducing Frictional Forces
Abstract: Students will be working in pairs to design and build energy car that meets specific requirements by using knowledge of polymer chemistry, and laws of physics. The goal of the project is to build a car that would go maximum distance when launched by rubber band, therefore, students will have to apply knowledge about motion, friction, and engineering principles to achieve best results. Energy car must be build from wood platform, and wheels from thermoplastic. During this lesson, students will learn about thermoplastics (polymers), friction (sliding, rolling, fluid, static), and motion (speed, acceleration, velocity).
Grades: 9
Subject: N/A
The Engineering Design Process: Aerogels
Abstract: Research currently being done at the University of Akron involves the creation of a gel polymer emulsion to make aerogels. The emulsifying agent (and dissolved phase) in the gel cannot simply be evaporated out because the holes left behind in the gel will collapse. Thus, a multistep solution exchange process is performed to get rid of the emulsifying agent (and dissolved phase) and leave the pores (holes) left behind intact. The result is a solid with lots and lots of holes in it called an aerogel.
Aerogels have been used in recent years by NASA and other entities because they have unique properties like being of a very low density and being incredible thermal insulators. Though they are very useful, aerogels are not widely used because it is still expensive to manufacture them on a large scale.
In this lesson, students will mimic polymer/process engineers by designing a process to eliminate chocolate chips from chocolate chip cookie dough (their “gel”) without destroying the holes left behind. This is a STEM lesson is in which the engineering design process is taught. An engineering design notebook is provided as well as metrics (including required teacher signatures at various points and Self, Peer, Group Evaluations) for ensuring that all students are on task at all times. Further, this notebook makes assessing individual contributions to the cooperative assignments easier many other projects.
Grades: 6-12
Subject: Other
The Engineering Design Process: Meringue Aerogel Film Filters
Abstract: Research currently being done at the University of Akron involves the creation of a gel polymer emulsion to make aerogels. The emulsifying agent (and dissolved phase) in the gel cannot simply be evaporated out because the holes left behind in the gel will collapse. Thus, a multistep solution exchange process is performed to get rid of the emulsifying agent (and dissolved phase) and leave the pores (holes) left behind intact. The result is a solid with lots and lots of holes in it called an aerogel. These aerogels can be poured into various molds or onto a flat surface (substrate) to create a film.
Aerogels have been used in recent years by NASA and other entities because they have unique properties like having very low densities and being incredible thermal insulators. Aerogels are also being studied for their filtering capabilities.
In this lesson, students will make films and test the filtering capabilities of meringue which is an aerogel. Their engineering challenge to create an improved meringue aerogel film filter. This STEM lesson can be taught in 2-3 days as simply an engineering design challenge of or it can be taught over 2-3 weeks in which the full engineering design process including multiple presentations is taught. Included in this lesson is an Introduction to STEM Education Teacher Powerpoint and an Engineering Design Notebook with metrics for ensuring that all students are on task at all times and presentation rubrics. Further, this notebook makes assessing individual contributions to the cooperative assignments easier many other projects.
Grades: 6-12
Subject: Other
Exploration of Bones as a Natural Composite Material
Abstract: Growing up we were told to drink our milk so that our bones could grow to be strong. Milk and other food products provide us with the calcium our bones need for strength. In fact, about 99% of our body’s calcium is found in bones. However, our bones also need a structural protein called collagen in order to provide added strength and flexibility. Bone can be thought of as a composite material; something made out of two materials with different properties, which when brought together produce a new material with new properties. In this laboratory you will play the role of a polymer scientist and explore the techniques that engineers use to test the strength properties of a composite material.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: N/A
Exploring Osmosis with Polymers
Abstract: In the first part of the lab activity, students will be making their own "gummies" similar to gummy worms and Boba fruit spheres using sodium alginate, a polymer found in green algae. The student will then make a connection to osmosis properties by soaking their polymers in distilled water, tap water and salt water, and collected data on mass change.
Grades: 10
Subject: Scientific Inquiry
Gellin Like a...Hydrophylic Cross-linked Polymer?
Abstract: Students will prepare several recipes of Xanthan Gum-Glycerol polyester polymers and determine through testing and data analysis which one will serve best as wound dressings or other specific applications.
Grades: 9
Subject: N/A
The Great Rube Goldberg Polymer Machine
Abstract: Using the Rube Goldberg over-engineered method of design, students will find and utilize only polymers to construct a machine that will move a Polymer object (ball, car, etc) from point A to point B. They must incorporate a Shape-Memory Polymer and at least one example from each category of polymers found in the recycle codes for plastic #1 - #7. The object must change directions at least three times during the trip. This entire lesson allows teachers to meet science content standards and introduce polymers and other science concepts using Best Teaching Practices, Hands-on/Minds-on Learning and Authentic Problem-based Learning.
Grades: 6-8, 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Inquiry
Heat Loss and Gain
Abstract: Students will measure both qualitatively and quantitatively the heat of physical changes and a chemical reaction.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
How are Polymers Utilized in Everyday Life?
Abstract: Students will choose one of the ten areas of polymer science from the Macrogalleria web site. They will use the Macrogalleria web site to gather information to put into a graphic organizer. From the information on their graphic organizer the students will construct a Power Point presentation to report their findings to the class.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Science and Technology
How Does Size and Temperature Affect Material Conductivity?
Abstract: Students will be able to measure the conductivity of metals and nanoparticles which will be sintered to be able to conduct the electricity. Also they will be able to observe how different size and temperatures of the nanoparticles affect the conductivity.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: N/A
Hydrogels Make Happy Plants
Abstract: This is a series of activities that allow the students the opportunity to investigate hydrogels. These polymers have the ability to absorb (swell) and release water under certain conditions. First the students will read about hydrogels (Hydrogel: Preparation, characterization, and applications: A review) and develop a working knowledge of the materials. Then, they will go on a Hydrogel Scavenger hunt allowing the teacher the ability to assess their understanding AND demonstrating to the students how prevalent and important these materials are in the world. Then the students will be involved in an investigation where they study different soils with regard to their water retention abilities. This study will include soil that has hydrogel beads mixed in. The addition of the hydrogel beads allows more water to be retained creating a more steady water supply and will then require less watering. Finally, the students will create different formulations of hydrogels using Sodium Alginate. During this part of the investigation, they will first examine bead production in different salts (Lithium Chloride, Potassium Chloride, Magnesium Chloride and they will have already tested Calcium Chloride.) The groups will then select a particular salt and will create the "best" hydrogel beads to be added to their "New and Improved "soil. In this part of the investigation, the students will vary concentrations of the selected salt and determine which bead would have the highest water retention ability and therefore would work most effectively in potting soil.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Life Sciences, Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Identifying Unknown Polymers Using Density Measurements
Abstract: There are many different polymers with wide applications and uses. Basic polymers can be described by recycling code such as code 1 for PETE, polyethylene terephthalate. In this lesson activity students will become knowledgeable in six types of polymers and their common uses. Students will identify polymers by performing density measurements of each polymer. Results will be confirmed by float/sink test of each polymer.
Grades: 8-9
Subject: N/A
Impulse: An Investigation of Impulse/Change in Momentum
Abstract: This Lesson is based upon the Impulse/ Change in Momentum Theorem. This inquiry lesson will allow students to explore the Impulse/ Change in Momentum Theorem using a force plate sensor and energy dampening materials to distribute the force of a falling mass over time. An acrylic cylindrical tube will be utilized as a container for each chosen material. A mass that fits the tube well will be dropped from a particular height. The force plate will register the force peak from the drop and the change in time in which this force was imparted. Students will be able to quantify Force and Change in time data as the materials are changed in order to record them in a data table for analysis. Each material will be given a specific cost. This is to ensure that students remember that in engineering ideas are meant to be scaled up and cost effective so they do not go overboard out of the gate. Through this Inquiry, students will learn the necessary content as well as working "like and engineer".
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Introduction to Lasers and Optics
Abstract: In this lesson, students will construct a small scale laser table and reflect a laser beam around an object. Students will be exposed to some of the key components of real life laser systems and learn how to control light propagation (control how the light travels around the laser table).
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Lab-Effects of pH on the Structure of a Polyelectrolyte
Abstract: Students will explore how the viscosity of a polyelectrolyte (polyacrylic acid) changes with changing pH. They will explain viscosity changes in terms of the intermolecular forces and the equilibrium of the ionization reaction. Lab activities include determining the Ka and pKa of PAA after measuring the pH of the PAA solution, titrating the weak acid (PAA) with a strong base (sodium hydroxide) and graphing the titration curve, measuring the efflux times at different pH values then calculating the relative viscosity of a PAA solution using a U-tube viscometer and graphing the results. As a conclusion, students will describe how what was learned in the lesson could be applied to create a useful product such as a wound covering.
The lesson is designed as a review of equilibrium, properties of acids, titrations, and intermolecular forces that can be given leading up to the AP exam.
Grades: 11-12 (AP Level Chemistry)
Subject: Other
Making a Shape Memory Polymer from Silicone-1 Caulk and MiraLAX
Abstract:
The development of shape memory polymers has applications in aerospace (for example, Mars exploration), medicine, robotics, and even everyday items such as eyeglasses. In this activity, students will be able to make a shape memory polymer using only 2 ingredients: silicone-1 caulk and polyethylene glycol (widely available as MiraLAX).
They will compare the shape memory polymer that they’ve made to the more common "oogoo" – a mixture of silicone-1 caulk and corn starch – in order to investigate how the properties of the mixture change based on the ingredients.
In the extension activity, students make an additional mixture of MiraLAX and silicone-1 with a higher concentration of MiraLAX. This higher ratio allows the MiraLAX to be easily removed after the polymer has set, simply by soaking in water overnight. Once the MiraLAX is removed, a sponge made out of silicone can be observed. This sponge is used to simulate an oil spill clean-up, using a mixture of vegetable oil and water.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: N/A
Marbles and Momentum
Abstract: Using the game of marbles, students will explore how momentum is transferred from one object to another object in an elastic collision. Students will determine the properties that make a good shooter.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Scientific Ways of Knowing
Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Parts in Fused Deposition Modeling
Abstract: Today's students are not aware of the many uses of polymers in their daily life. In this experiment, students will examine the mechanical properties of 3D parts to solve a real world problem. Students will determine the optimal mechanical properties of components fabricated with 3D printers. Students will create 3D printed parts with various print specifications such as orientation, temperature, infill, layer thickness, etc. This research, testing and analysis will then be used by the students to create a DIY assistive technology (DIY-AT), "which is any device or system that allows an individual to perform a task that they would otherwise be unable to do, or increases the ease and safety with which the task can be performed" [1]. Once the students have created their 3D printed parts, they will conduct a tensile test. The data collected will be graphed and analyzed with the conclusion of the experiment to be a collaborative discussion of the Students will use data gathered from the tensile testing to determine optimal properties for use in assistive technology.
[1] Cowen,D. & Turner-Smith,A. The role of assistive technology in alternative models of care for older people. In Sutherland,I. (ed.) With Respect To Old Age:The Royal Commission for the Long Term Care of the Elderly (1999), Stationary Office, 325-346
Grades: 9-12
Subject:
Micelles to the Rescue - How Soap Transports Debris
Abstract: Soap is an important part of our daily life, however how soap works is a mystery to many students and it’s often taken for granted. This lesson is designed for a teacher to use within context of a larger unit on mixtures and solutions. The lesson will teach students how to make a primitive soap, understand the basic chemistry behind soap, conceptualize how soap removes debris via micelle aggregation, and identify what hard water is and its effect on micelle aggregation.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: N/A
The Molecular Weight of a Polymer
Abstract: The lesson is designed to be used at the beginning of an AP or general chemistry college course. The molecular weight of a polymer can be determined using several methods such as size exclusion chromatography and dilute solution viscometry.Dilute solution viscometry is used to review a number of math concepts that are integral to an AP chemistry course, such as graphing, calculating the slope of a line, preparing and using standard curves, deriving and using constants and solving for an unknown in an equation. These concepts should be reviewed with students prior to assigning the lab activity. In this lab activity, students prepare solutions of polyethylene glycol of known molecular weight at different concentrations. The viscosity of each solution is determined using a U-tube viscometer. Data is graphed to produce a standard curve from which the values of the Mark-Houwink constants (k’ and a) are determined. Viscometry data is then measured for several solutions of polyethylene glycol of unknown molecular weight. Using the values for the constants determined from the standard curve, and the Mark-Houwink equation, the molecular weights of the unknown PEG solutions or the concentrations of the solutions can be determined.
Grades: 11-12
Subject: AP Chemistry
Nanofibers: Why Go Small?
Abstract: A nanometer is one billionth (1 x 10-9) of a meter which can be about 3 to 5 atoms in width. Electrospun nanofibers produced from polymer solutions are being used in unique ways by scientists. Nanotechnology allows the manipulation of matter, atom by atom at the "nanoscale." Properties of these materials are amplified due to the fact that many fibers can fit into a very small space. Scientists have found many unique ways to use such fibers from producing new materials capable of blocking moisture, removing of toxins from both water and air, delivering medicines to a specific region in or on the body, and tissue scaffolding. The possibilities are endless as scientists and inventors produce new products formed from these extremely small fibers.
In this investigation students will determine the advantages of going small by comparing the amount of chocolate syrup coating on a large diameter pretzel to that of an equal volume of smaller pretzels coated with chocolate. Students will learn what happens to the surface area as the diameter gets smaller and smaller. Students will determine what advantages exist in making the size (diameter) of a pretzel smaller. Students will make the comparison by massing a cup of chocolate syrup before and after dipping the pretzel(s). Students will use their data, graphs and mathematical equations to support their conclusions. The lesson contains a Powerpoint review of the metric system with pictures to help students visualize large and small number lengths. Using a second Powerpoint set of slides in the elaboration, the teacher can relate the activity to the new field of nanotechnology and discuss with students why it is advantageous for newly developed materials to be so small. This often has to do with the large surface area available on nanosized particles and fibers.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Naturally Hydrophobic
Abstract: In nature, hydrophobic systems occur all around us. One such natural phenomenon is the hydrophobicity exhibited in roses and their petals. Another is the hydrophobicity of lotus leaves. The naturally non-wetting surface has micro-scale surface layer properties which create a relative high contact angle when contacted with water. Using contact angle measurements, students will investigate different commercial hydrophobic coatings. Students knowledge of surface chemistry and effective use of skills related to observations, measurement, data analysis and critical thinking will be used to design a multi-tiered experimental design. Students will utilize process to make accurate decisions supporting or disproving manufacture claims of product effectiveness.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Life Sciences, Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
No3 to Nitrate in Our Waterways
Abstract: Students will analyze water samples with a portable spectrometer for phosphate and nitrate levels in water sources. They will then apply this knowledge to understanding how monitoring these levels can be used on a global level to analyze and monitor water quality.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Biology, Chemistry, Environmental Science, Earth Science, Scientific Ways of Knowing and Scientific Inquiry
Ooeey Gooey Fun! But Can We Sell This Stuff? Putty Experiment
Abstract: Students create bouncing balls of various shapes and determine the differences in the height that the various balls bounce.
Grades: 10-12
Subject: N/A
Plastic Surface Competition
Abstract: The students will investigate the effect of various treatments on the adhesion of water to common plastic surfaces. The students will compete to make a plastic piece with one side able to retain the most water as possible and the other side as little water as possible. This lesson can be an introduction or review of the six recycled numbered plastics as well as the study of Polymer Engineering and surface science.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Polymer Pie
Abstract: Students should investigate which starches will create the "best" pie. They will first brainstorm what qualities they would like to have in a custard-type pie, they investigate the properties of different commercially available starches like corn and potato in order to develop a recipe for making a "pie filling" sample that exhibits the desired properties. Students can then further investigate how the human body digests the different components of the starch (amylose and amylopectin).
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Polymer Shrinking Madness! Exploring Shrinking Properties and Chemical Makeup through Mass Spectrometry
Abstract: Students will then conduct a lab activity to produce a polystyrene and polyethylene sample of a certain area after shrinking the sample in a drying oven. Cost analysis of the two shapes will be calculated. Students will also discuss mass spectrometry as an analytical technique and interpret different polymer mass spectrums.
Grades: 10-12
Subject: N/A
Polymerization of Nylon
Abstract: In this lesson, students will combine two monomers to make nylon 6,6, which is a polymer.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences
Polymers Matter!
Abstract: Students will be able to learn more about properties of matter, and, they will use Polymers to observe properties of matter.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: N/A
Properties of Spider Web Adhesion
Abstract: Students explore how spiders create their webs and the properties of the webs to catch food. This includes exploring the viscosity and velocity of the solution to see how they impact the drop size of the "glue" on the silk.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Life Sciences, Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Shape Memory Monsters: They Come Back!
Abstract: In this engaging two-part lab activity, students first make shape memory "monsters," using silicone rubber, stearic acid, and plastic Halloween molds. Then in the second part, students have the chance to try to destroy the monsters, by smashing them with a binder clip into a c-shape. After testing, the control sample won’t change at all. Their shape memory composite will look defeated...until students place it back in the hot water. At that point, the monster will recover to its original scary shape!
As part of the pre-lab reading, students will learn the definitions for key vocabulary such as shape memory, polymers, composites, thermoset and thermoplastic. Students will also learn some of the science behind how shape memory polymers work, and after the lab, they will explore how the types of intramolecular bonding and intermolecular forces contribute to the behaviors they observed in the lab.
Grades: 10-12
Subject: N/A
Smelly Synthesis
Abstract: Students will view the nylon rope demonstration to be introduced to polymer synthesis. They will then perform an inquiry investigation of organic synthesis by mixing various carboxylic acids with alcohols to create esters. Depending on the mixture between the acids and alcohols, different smells will be produced. The class will then come together and discuss the purpose of the lab and the results obtained.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
The Stress of Being a Recycled Bag
Abstract: Students will test the tensile strength of a shopping bag and discover that the polyethylene film has a higher tensile strength when pulled parallel with the extrusion lines then when pulled perpendicular to the extrusion lines. The students then apply what they learn to design an experiment to compare the strength a shopping bag made from recycled polyethylene to one that contains no recycled material. This lesson can be done with common inexpensive materials which may be collected from the home. Teacher Notes attached.
Grades: 6-8, 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Swell! How Vulcanization Affects the Properties of Rubber
Abstract: Because polymers are such large molecules, the intermolecular forces between polymer chains are stronger than most other organic substances. Rubber, despite our general suppositions on how phases of matter should behave, is a liquid at room temperature (it will flow over time). Due to the strong intermolecular forces present (van der Waal interactions), rubber is extremely viscous and seems to be a solid. If rubber is to be used in a commercial setting (such as tire manufacturing), the liquid properties of water will reveal themselves over time and with fluctuations in temperature while travelling. The solution to this problem was solved by Charles Goodyear. Through experimentation, Goodyear discovered that the addition of sulfur to a heated sample of rubber changed the properties of the rubber, making the rubber a rigid solid that did not flow over time. Today, we understand that Goodyear had discovered vulcanization, the process of linking polymer chains to one another covalently. Rather than flowing over time, vulcanized (or “cross-linked”) rubber contains polymer chains that are “locked” into place and, as a result, is useful for the production of tires that are expected to withstand high temperatures and degradation over time without deforming. The vulcanization of rubber revolutionized the production of tires and, with the later addition of nanofillers such as carbon black, has resulted in reliable tires that withstand the harsh conditions through which we expect the tires to survive.
This lesson introduces the concept of cross-linking rubber and how cross-linking affects the properties of a rubber sample. The lesson itself can be accomplished in 2 days. The first day should be spent introducing polymers and their properties/uses. The second day should be spent on exploration into cross-linking, the Borax/glue demonstration, and beginning the swell test. The swelling test itself will take between 10 and 14 days (undisturbed). This lesson is excellent to begin just before a holiday break, to give the test time to complete while students are not attending class daily.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: N/A
That's Slick! Using Polymers to Clean Oil Spills
Abstract: This lesson will help a teacher provide in-depth, age appropriate instruction related to intermolecular forces, miscibility, and oil absorbing polymer. Additionally, the lesson has an environmental component which gives students a relevant, real-life example of the effects of an oil spill and how such a disaster could be dealt with. There is an in-depth laboratory which allow students to test the effectiveness of the oil absorbing polymer under specific conditions – pH, temperature, salinity, and its effectiveness on bird feathers.
Grades: 7-12
Subject: N/A
Wacky Water
Abstract: The polar nature of water allows this molecule to carry out many important functions in living systems and the geochemistry of Earth. In this activity students will closely observe the behavior of water droplets to understand cohesion, adhesion, surface tension, and capillary action. Students will conduct contact angle measurements to quantify the wettability (hydrophilic, hydrophobic, or superhydrophilic nature) of surfaces. Through these investigations students will extend their understanding biomimicry and how the properties of water can be used to solve real-life problems.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: N/A
Young's Modulus: An Investigation of Stress Versus Strain Using PDMS Polymer
Abstract: This Lesson is based upon Young's Elastic Modulus. Young's Elastic Modulus (E) closely relates itself to the spring constant (K) used in traditional classroom physics when teaching Hooke's Law. This is outlined in detail in the power point for further information. Through this construction, this lesson can bridge the gap between the engineering scope and traditional physics concepts taught in the classroom. By using a silicone base polymer, we will investigate young's elastic modulus by changing the chemical composition. This polymer used comes from the Sylgard company. This comes as a mix and pour kit of silicone polymer with a cross linking agent (Sylgard 184).
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
A Comparative Study of Lactase and Lactase Supplements
Abstract: Lactose intolerance is the number one known enzyme deficiency, with over 70% of the worlds (adult) population affected. According to the Encyclopedia of Children's Health (http://www.healthofchildren.com/C/Carbohydrate-Intolerance.html) there are 30 to 50 million Americans who suffer from Lactose Intolerance. In this lesson, students will conduct a comparative study to examine the effectiveness of Lactase supplements versus pure Lactase? The lesson is presented as an inquiry lesson, but the attached worksheet provides guided instructions.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Life Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
A Test of Adhesive Strength
Abstract: Students investigate the variables that may impact the peel force of different tapes/adhesives. This includes, factors such as the type of adhesive, peel force, angle, width of sample, and velocity of pull. Although all these may be tested some relationships are trivial for high school students depending on the level. So we will test angle, width, velocity and their relationship to the peel force.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Life Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Can You Get Enough Protein from Milk Alternatives?
Abstract: This guided inquiry lesson allows students to apply their knowledge of organic compounds (primarily proteins) to their everyday life. Biochemistry lessons on proteins and enzyme insufficiency often make students wonder how someone who is lactose intolerant can obtain essential proteins from milk alternatives. This lesson lets students explore whether or not milk alternatives have the same protein concentration as traditional milk.
Grades: 9-10
Subject: Life Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Counting Animal Populations
Abstract: Through hands-on investigation, students will learn about the method field scientists use to determine the population of a species for a specified study area. Through collaboration they will design and implement their own strategic method for counting the population of students in their school.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Life Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Hydrate Me!
Abstract: In this lesson students will be learning about hydrogels and their importance in wound healing. Students will be completing a lab activity using a hydrogel to determine how well it can hold water.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Life Sciences, Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Hydrogels Make Happy Plants
Abstract: This is a series of activities that allow the students the opportunity to investigate hydrogels. These polymers have the ability to absorb (swell) and release water under certain conditions. First the students will read about hydrogels (Hydrogel: Preparation, characterization, and applications: A review) and develop a working knowledge of the materials. Then, they will go on a Hydrogel Scavenger hunt allowing the teacher the ability to assess their understanding AND demonstrating to the students how prevalent and important these materials are in the world. Then the students will be involved in an investigation where they study different soils with regard to their water retention abilities. This study will include soil that has hydrogel beads mixed in. The addition of the hydrogel beads allows more water to be retained creating a more steady water supply and will then require less watering. Finally, the students will create different formulations of hydrogels using Sodium Alginate. During this part of the investigation, they will first examine bead production in different salts (Lithium Chloride, Potassium Chloride, Magnesium Chloride and they will have already tested Calcium Chloride.) The groups will then select a particular salt and will create the "best" hydrogel beads to be added to their "New and Improved "soil. In this part of the investigation, the students will vary concentrations of the selected salt and determine which bead would have the highest water retention ability and therefore would work most effectively in potting soil.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Life Sciences, Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Naturally Hydrophobic
Abstract: In nature, hydrophobic systems occur all around us. One such natural phenomenon is the hydrophobicity exhibited in roses and their petals. Another is the hydrophobicity of lotus leaves. The naturally non-wetting surface has micro-scale surface layer properties which create a relative high contact angle when contacted with water. Using contact angle measurements, students will investigate different commercial hydrophobic coatings. Students knowledge of surface chemistry and effective use of skills related to observations, measurement, data analysis and critical thinking will be used to design a multi-tiered experimental design. Students will utilize process to make accurate decisions supporting or disproving manufacture claims of product effectiveness.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Life Sciences, Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Physics on the Playground
Abstract: Students are challenged to ask the question, "What materials will allow me to slide the fastest down the slide?" Allow students to make a prediction and plan a procedure to fairly test the question with polymers.
Grades: K-2
Subject: Life Sciences, Physical Sciences
Properties of Spider Web Adhesion
Abstract: Students explore how spiders create their webs and the properties of the webs to catch food. This includes exploring the viscosity and velocity of the solution to see how they impact the drop size of the "glue" on the silk.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Life Sciences, Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Rethink Those Polymer Six Pack Rings
Abstract: Students will bury organic and man-made materials, some of which are polymers, to see if they decompose. They will observe the materials and record their results. After seeing that the polymer of the six-pack rings does not disintegrate at all after being buried, they will learn that these can photo degrade. They will then design and perform an experiment to photo degrade the six-pack rings and record their results.
Grades: K-2
Subject: Life Sciences, Earth and Space Sciences, Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing
The Bending and Bouncing of Light
Abstract: Students will learn about the transfer of light energy as it interacts with matter. Key terms of refraction and reflection will be explored through hands-on inquiry. The science of the formation of rainbows will also explored.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Earth and Space Sciences, Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Determining the Age of Fossils
Abstract: This lesson is designed to help students understand the concepts of radioactive dating to help determine the approximate age of fossils and rocks. After this lesson students will have an understanding of how maerials undergo radioactive decay and that the rate of decay allows scientists to predict the approximate age of the specimen. This lesson is geared to help take the "mystery" out of scientific dating of rocks and fossils.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Earth and Space Sciences
Diaper Dilemma
Abstract: Students will learn what a polymer is and some uses of polymer materials in science. The student will research the polymer sodium polyacrylate. The student will then use inquiry and design a series of tests with given materials to see which brand of diaper will be best for the city hospital to use. Students will have to interpret their results and data to formulate this plan. They will write their results in a letter and will present their results to the class.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Earth and Space Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
The Dirt on Soil
Abstract: Through hands-on exploration, students will learn about three basic soil types and some of their physical properties. Concepts of porosity and permeability will be developed through experimentation. Students will design and implement a model of a water treatment plant.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Earth and Space Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Inquiry
Electromagnetic Energy and Its Spectrum
Abstract: As a result of hands-on exploration and inquiry, students will learn about electromagnetic radiation and the electromagnetic spectrum. Students will create waves to understand the relationship between energy and wavelength. Students will design and implement an experiment to reduce UV exposure to an object.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Earth and Space Sciences, Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
How Creepy!
Abstract: Students will observe, measure, and graph a model of slow downslope movement. This task assesses students' abilities to collect, record, and organize data, set up graph axes, plot data points, draw line graphs, apply mathematics, infer based on observational data, predict based on a model, and apply models to other situations.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Earth and Space Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
No3 to Nitrate in Our Waterways
Abstract: Students will analyze water samples with a portable spectrometer for phosphate and nitrate levels in water sources. They will then apply this knowledge to understanding how monitoring these levels can be used on a global level to analyze and monitor water quality.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Biology, Chemistry, Environmental Science, Earth Science, Scientific Ways of Knowing and Scientific Inquiry
Rethink Those Polymer Six Pack Rings
Abstract: Students will bury organic and man-made materials, some of which are polymers, to see if they decompose. They will observe the materials and record their results. After seeing that the polymer of the six-pack rings does not disintegrate at all after being buried, they will learn that these can photo degrade. They will then design and perform an experiment to photo degrade the six-pack rings and record their results.
Grades: K-2
Subject: Life Sciences, Earth and Space Sciences, Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing
What's in Crude Oil?
Abstract: Students will be divided into research teams. Each team will research how fractional distillation works, as well as describe one of the major products of fractional distillation. Students will then use distillation to separate 2 liquids. The concept of density will be used. (D=M/V).
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Earth and Space Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing
Adhesives: How Sticky is Your Tape? - Man-made Products
Abstract: In this lesson, students will test the shear strength of different sticky tapes by performing tests in which they will take measurements, record data, and report their findings. They will explain how the usefulness of a manufactured product depends on its function for a particular purpose. Students will learn about how scientists and engineers look to nature to invent products that are useful in our lives.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Adhesives: Measuring Stickiness - Natural Products
Abstract: Students will make a simple device to test the stickiness (adhesion) of household "glues" to determine strength or weakness of the substance to stick two surfaces together. This experience leads to a discussion of adhesion, adhesives (glues), product testing, and applications to daily life. Optional suggestions for Internet research on adhesives are provided.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Balloon Ball Bounce
Abstract: In this activity, students will realize that different sports use balls with different amounts of rebound. Understanding this idea, the students will determine if the number of balloons in a balloon ball affect the rebound height. The students will then use the ball to discuss energy conversions.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
The Bending and Bouncing of Light
Abstract: Students will learn about the transfer of light energy as it interacts with matter. Key terms of refraction and reflection will be explored through hands-on inquiry. The science of the formation of rainbows will also explored.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Earth and Space Sciences, Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Build a Better Bouncer
Abstract: Students discover the effect of placing additives in a glue-based putty to alter the physical properties of the putty. They are then challenged to use their knowledge to design the best bouncing ball possible from the simple materials available to them.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Building Polymer Cup Speakers
Abstract: Students will establish criteria by which to test their speakers. Students will construct and test their speaker. The students will compare speakers and test variable components of a speaker.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences
Can You See the Light?
Abstract: Students will learn through design and implementation of their own experiments about the transmission of light energy. Vocabulary terms such as transparent, translucent, and opaque are introduced and explored through hands-on exploration.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Check Out Lights and Shields with Beads
Abstract: Students explore Ultraviolet (UV) detecting beads, conduct several investigations with them to find sources of UV radiation, and find materials that block U V radiation. Eventually students will realize that over-exposure to UV radiation is harmful to their eyes and skin.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences
Chemistry of Coatings: A Scientific Inquiry Project
Abstract: The goal of this lesson is to introduce high school science students to scientific inquiry by creating and conducting their own experiment or engineering design under various constraints. The challenge is to create the “best” support beam out of epoxy resin using limited materials and a ratio of their choosing while being the most cost effective. At the conclusion of this lesson, students should have a better understanding of the engineering design matrix as compared to the scientific method and how the two work together to give a scientist meaningful insight. Students will also increase their knowledge of polymers and the importance of polymers in various coatings by conducting research on epoxy resins.
Grades: 7-12
Subject: Physical Sciences
Classification of Matter
Abstract: This activity involves the students in an inquiry into classifying various materials.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Classifying Solids: Matter
Abstract: Students make observations of solids and classify the items into groups based on their properties. Students are introduced to the three states of matter.
Grades: 3-5
Subject: Physical Sciences
Cling On's
Abstract: Through design and implementation of their own experiments, students will learn about static electricity and its relationship with various materials. Additionally, students will learn the conditions in which static electricity is produced and how it can be reduced.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Condiment Diver: The World's Simplest Cartesian Diver
Abstract: This activity uses a condiment packet to teach students how fish use their swim bladders to rise and descend in the water. The students will also learn about density, buoyancy, and sinking and floating.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Cups Under Pressure
Abstract: Students will observe how a Styrofoam cup shrinks under pressure in a cooker.
Grades: 3-5, 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Describing the Motion of a Battery Powered Car
Abstract: Students use the variables of time and distance traveled to observe the characteristics of a distance vs time graphs for the motion of a battery powered car operating with one battery then again with two batteries. This allows students to explore how the number of batteries used to power the car affects the characteristics of distance vs time graphs. Students then use the time and distance data collected for the motion of the cars in the two trials to calculate the average speed of the car in each case. The average speeds will then be compared to the slopes of the respective distance vs. time graphs.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Determining the Coefficient of Friction for Various Tires on a Ramp
Abstract: Students will determine the coefficient of kinetic and static friction for various tires such as tractor, truck, bike, high performance, tourism. They will then have to apply this knowledge to solve a practical problem.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Determining the Density of Water
Abstract: Students will determine the density of one drop of water using experimental laboratory methods and graphing techniques, and then independently find the density of another liquid such as cooking oil. This lesson can be teacher directed or conducted as an open investigation.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Diaper Challenge
Abstract: Students will compare the absorbency of regular disposable diapers with Swimmers in fresh water and salt water.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences
Downhill Racer
Abstract: Students investigate the motion of a car traveling on an inclined plane and along a flat surface. Students observe the pattern of drops left by the moving car. The changing distances between the successive drops indicate that the car was not traveling at a constant speed. From the drops, students will be able to collect data and graph both the velocity and acceleration of the car.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Egg Walk Challenge
Abstract: Students will design a pair of shoes using plastics that will enable them to walk on eggs without breaking them.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technoogy, Scientific Ways of Knowing
Electromagnetic Energy and Its Spectrum
Abstract: As a result of hands-on exploration and inquiry, students will learn about electromagnetic radiation and the electromagnetic spectrum. Students will create waves to understand the relationship between energy and wavelength. Students will design and implement an experiment to reduce UV exposure to an object.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Earth and Space Sciences, Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Exploring the Physical and Chemical Properties of Polymers
Abstract: This activity involves the students in an inquiry based examination of the physical and chemical properties of polymers.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Float Your Boat
Abstract: Through design and implementation of their own experiments about Archimedes' Principle, students will learn the effects of the force of buoyancy, and the role density plays in the sinking and float of objects.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
The Great Rube Goldberg Polymer Machine
Abstract: Using the Rube Goldberg over-engineered method of design, students will find and utilize only polymers to construct a machine that will move a Polymer object (ball, car, etc) from point A to point B. They must incorporate a Shape-Memory Polymer and at least one example from each category of polymers found in the recycle codes for plastic #1 - #7. The object must change directions at least three times during the trip. This entire lesson allows teachers to meet science content standards and introduce polymers and other science concepts using Best Teaching Practices, Hands-on/Minds-on Learning and Authentic Problem-based Learning.
Grades: 6-8, 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Inquiry
Heat Loss and Gain
Abstract: Students will measure both qualitatively and quantitatively the heat of physical changes and a chemical reaction.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Hold On Tight!
Abstract: In this lesson, students will test the strength of different sticky tapes, such as duct tape, cellophane tape, medical bandage tape, and painters' tape, by performing tests in which they will take measurements, record data, and report their findings. They will explain how the usefulness of a manufactured product depends on its function for a particular purpose. Content information includes a discussion of types of adhesives and the mechanisms by which they work.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Hydrate Me!
Abstract: In this lesson students will be learning about hydrogels and their importance in wound healing. Students will be completing a lab activity using a hydrogel to determine how well it can hold water.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Life Sciences, Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Hydrogels Make Happy Plants
Abstract: This is a series of activities that allow the students the opportunity to investigate hydrogels. These polymers have the ability to absorb (swell) and release water under certain conditions. First the students will read about hydrogels (Hydrogel: Preparation, characterization, and applications: A review) and develop a working knowledge of the materials. Then, they will go on a Hydrogel Scavenger hunt allowing the teacher the ability to assess their understanding AND demonstrating to the students how prevalent and important these materials are in the world. Then the students will be involved in an investigation where they study different soils with regard to their water retention abilities. This study will include soil that has hydrogel beads mixed in. The addition of the hydrogel beads allows more water to be retained creating a more steady water supply and will then require less watering. Finally, the students will create different formulations of hydrogels using Sodium Alginate. During this part of the investigation, they will first examine bead production in different salts (Lithium Chloride, Potassium Chloride, Magnesium Chloride and they will have already tested Calcium Chloride.) The groups will then select a particular salt and will create the "best" hydrogel beads to be added to their "New and Improved "soil. In this part of the investigation, the students will vary concentrations of the selected salt and determine which bead would have the highest water retention ability and therefore would work most effectively in potting soil.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Life Sciences, Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Impulse: An Investigation of Impulse/Change in Momentum
Abstract: This Lesson is based upon the Impulse/ Change in Momentum Theorem. This inquiry lesson will allow students to explore the Impulse/ Change in Momentum Theorem using a force plate sensor and energy dampening materials to distribute the force of a falling mass over time. An acrylic cylindrical tube will be utilized as a container for each chosen material. A mass that fits the tube well will be dropped from a particular height. The force plate will register the force peak from the drop and the change in time in which this force was imparted. Students will be able to quantify Force and Change in time data as the materials are changed in order to record them in a data table for analysis. Each material will be given a specific cost. This is to ensure that students remember that in engineering ideas are meant to be scaled up and cost effective so they do not go overboard out of the gate. Through this Inquiry, students will learn the necessary content as well as working "like and engineer".
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Industrial Processes of Polymers: How Toys are Made
Abstract: Students explore the ties between science and technology as they simulate the plastic manufacturing processes of extrusion, injection molding and blow molding. Interest is stimulated, and questions are initiated, as students examine a variety of simple plastic toys. Students try to find traits that would lead them to suggest a process by which a given toy was made. Next, students form "manufacturing companies" and actually extrude a product using a common toy - the Play-Doh Fun Factory®. Students also make an injection molded product using a hot glue gun, and a blow molded product using plastic tubing and a simple mold. Finally, students review their original set of toys and classify them as injected, extruded, or blow molded.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Introduction to Lasers and Optics
Abstract: In this lesson, students will construct a small scale laser table and reflect a laser beam around an object. Students will be exposed to some of the key components of real life laser systems and learn how to control light propagation (control how the light travels around the laser table).
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Jungle Gym Drop
Abstract: Through several trials of dropping objects from various levels of a jungle-gym, students will be able to find out more about gravity, forces, and motion.
Grades: 3-5
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing
Making Bouncing Balls
Abstract: Children have the opportunity to use different materials to make balls. They design and build balls and explore how their balls roll, bounce, and fall. They also take apart old balls to see how they are made and use these ideas in making more balls.
Grades: K-2
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing
Magnetic Discovery Bottle
Abstract: This lesson uses a "Magnetic Discovery Bottle" to teach students: how to conduct a simple investigation; to use simple equipment to gather data; to use data to arrive at a reasonable explanation; to communicate the investigations and explanations; to describe the properties of magnets; to explain why some materials are magnetic and some are not.
Grades: 3-5
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Miracle Fish
Abstract: This lesson plan leads students through the process of designing an experiment. First, students are given a miracle fish and asked to make observations. Then, through a series of steps, they develop procedures to investigate the behavior of the fish and determine the most likely cause of the curling of the fish when it is placed in the palm of the hand. After discussing the components of an experiment, students are led through a second exploration, involving polymer spikes, where they practice and build on what they have learned by forming questions, identifying variables, making observations, collecting data, completing graphs, and drawing conclusions.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Mystery Powders
Abstract: Students will observe physical changes by adding water to eight different polymer powders. They will record physical properties before and after adding the water. Students will analyze their observations to identify the powders. They discover polymers are more than just plastic.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
The Nanofiber Chocolate Factory: An Analogy
Abstract: A nanometer is one billionth (1 x 10-9) of a meter which can be about 3 to 5 atoms in width. Electrospun nanofibers produced from polymer solutions are being used in unique ways by scientists. Nanotechnology allows the manipulation of matter, atom by atom at the "nanoscale." Properties of these materials are amplified due to the fact that many fibers can fit into a very small space. Scientists have found many unique ways to use such fibers from producing new materials capable of blocking moisture, removing of toxins from both water and air, delivering medicines to a specific region in or on the body, and tissue scaffolding. The possibilities are endless as scientists and inventors produce new products formed from these extremely small fibers.
In this investigation students will determine the advantages of going small by comparing the amount of chocolate syrup coating on a large diameter pretzel to that of an equal volume of smaller pretzels coated with chocolate. Students will learn what happens to the surface area as the diameter gets smaller and smaller. Students will determine what advantages exist in making the size (diameter) of a pretzel smaller. Students will make the comparison by massing a cup of chocolate syrup before and after dipping the pretzel(s). Students will use their data to support their conclusions. The lesson contains a PowerPoint review of the metric system with pictures to help students visualize large and small number lengths. Using a second PowerPoint set of slides in the elaboration, the teacher can relate the activity to the new field of nanotechnology and discuss with students why it is advantageous for newly developed materials to be so small. This often has to do with the large surface area available on nanosized particles and fibers.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology
Nanofibers: Why Go Small?
Abstract: A nanometer is one billionth (1 x 10-9) of a meter which can be about 3 to 5 atoms in width. Electrospun nanofibers produced from polymer solutions are being used in unique ways by scientists. Nanotechnology allows the manipulation of matter, atom by atom at the "nanoscale." Properties of these materials are amplified due to the fact that many fibers can fit into a very small space. Scientists have found many unique ways to use such fibers from producing new materials capable of blocking moisture, removing of toxins from both water and air, delivering medicines to a specific region in or on the body, and tissue scaffolding. The possibilities are endless as scientists and inventors produce new products formed from these extremely small fibers.
In this investigation students will determine the advantages of going small by comparing the amount of chocolate syrup coating on a large diameter pretzel to that of an equal volume of smaller pretzels coated with chocolate. Students will learn what happens to the surface area as the diameter gets smaller and smaller. Students will determine what advantages exist in making the size (diameter) of a pretzel smaller. Students will make the comparison by massing a cup of chocolate syrup before and after dipping the pretzel(s). Students will use their data, graphs and mathematical equations to support their conclusions. The lesson contains a Powerpoint review of the metric system with pictures to help students visualize large and small number lengths. Using a second Powerpoint set of slides in the elaboration, the teacher can relate the activity to the new field of nanotechnology and discuss with students why it is advantageous for newly developed materials to be so small. This often has to do with the large surface area available on nanosized particles and fibers.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Naturally Hydrophobic
Abstract: In nature, hydrophobic systems occur all around us. One such natural phenomenon is the hydrophobicity exhibited in roses and their petals. Another is the hydrophobicity of lotus leaves. The naturally non-wetting surface has micro-scale surface layer properties which create a relative high contact angle when contacted with water. Using contact angle measurements, students will investigate different commercial hydrophobic coatings. Students knowledge of surface chemistry and effective use of skills related to observations, measurement, data analysis and critical thinking will be used to design a multi-tiered experimental design. Students will utilize process to make accurate decisions supporting or disproving manufacture claims of product effectiveness.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Life Sciences, Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
One Plus One Makes New
Abstract: Through the introduction of a historical event, students will learn about the properties of matter and how properties can change when composite materials are produced. Through initial guided experimentation, students will be able to apply the knowledge learned and design and implement their own experiments.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Physical Properties of Bouncing Balls
Abstract: Students create bouncing balls of various shapes and determine the differences in the height that the various balls bounce.
Grades: 3-5
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Physics on the Playground
Abstract: Students are challenged to ask the question, "What materials will allow me to slide the fastest down the slide?" Allow students to make a prediction and plan a procedure to fairly test the question with polymers.
Grades: K-2
Subject: Life Sciences, Physical Sciences
Plastic Surface Competition
Abstract: The students will investigate the effect of various treatments on the adhesion of water to common plastic surfaces. The students will compete to make a plastic piece with one side able to retain the most water as possible and the other side as little water as possible. This lesson can be an introduction or review of the six recycled numbered plastics as well as the study of Polymer Engineering and surface science.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Plink Plank Plunk
Abstract: Students will design musical instruments from provided materials to understand the following properties of sound: frequency and pitch.
Grades: 3-5
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Polymer Pie
Abstract: Students should investigate which starches will create the "best" pie. They will first brainstorm what qualities they would like to have in a custard-type pie, they investigate the properties of different commercially available starches like corn and potato in order to develop a recipe for making a "pie filling" sample that exhibits the desired properties. Students can then further investigate how the human body digests the different components of the starch (amylose and amylopectin).
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Polymer Rockets
Abstract: Students will design, create and test a polymer rocket.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing
The Polymer Schoolhouse
Abstract: Each cooperative group will construct a shoe box diorama of a particular room of their school. This would include rooms such as classrooms, playground, cafeteria, gymnasium, principal's office, art/music rooms, etc.
Grades: 3-5
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing
Polymerization of Nylon
Abstract: In this lesson, students will combine two monomers to make nylon 6,6, which is a polymer.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences
Polymers, Where are You?
Abstract: Teacher will introduce the concept, "what is a polymer?" using video clips from the AGPA website (grades 5-8). Students will make a collection of common objects made of polymeric materials and formulate their own questions as to the make-up of these objects.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences
Properties of Spider Web Adhesion
Abstract: Students explore how spiders create their webs and the properties of the webs to catch food. This includes exploring the viscosity and velocity of the solution to see how they impact the drop size of the "glue" on the silk.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Life Sciences, Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Rethink Those Polymer Six Pack Rings
Abstract: Students will bury organic and man-made materials, some of which are polymers, to see if they decompose. They will observe the materials and record their results. After seeing that the polymer of the six-pack rings does not disintegrate at all after being buried, they will learn that these can photo degrade. They will then design and perform an experiment to photo degrade the six-pack rings and record their results.
Grades: K-2
Subject: Life Sciences, Earth and Space Sciences, Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing
Simple Machines: Catapults
Abstract: Working in groups, students will be given materials to build and test a catapult. Then, the groups will exchange catapults so the students can improve on another group's design for accuracy and distance.
Grades: 3-5, 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology
Sink/Float Discovery Bottle
Abstract: This lesson uses a "Sink/Float Discovery Bottle" to teach students how to conduct a simple investigation, use simple equipment to make observations, use observations to arrive at a reasonable explanation, and to communicate their findings and explanations. This lesson will also teach students about the properties of objects that sink and float.
Grades: 3-5
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Smelly Synthesis
Abstract: Students will view the nylon rope demonstration to be introduced to polymer synthesis. They will then perform an inquiry investigation of organic synthesis by mixing various carboxylic acids with alcohols to create esters. Depending on the mixture between the acids and alcohols, different smells will be produced. The class will then come together and discuss the purpose of the lab and the results obtained.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
The Stress of Being a Recycled Bag
Abstract: Students will test the tensile strength of a shopping bag and discover that the polyethylene film has a higher tensile strength when pulled parallel with the extrusion lines then when pulled perpendicular to the extrusion lines. The students then apply what they learn to design an experiment to compare the strength a shopping bag made from recycled polyethylene to one that contains no recycled material. This lesson can be done with common inexpensive materials which may be collected from the home. Teacher Notes attached.
Grades: 6-8, 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Stretch your Students' Imaginations
Abstract: Students will explore the properties of polymers using a poly putty made from glue and borax. Physical and chemical changes, conservation of energy, and kinetic friction will be explained. An extension of the lesson allows the students a fun opportunity to enter a national contest: the AGPA's annual Rubber Band Contest for Young Inventors. This contest challenges students to design and create a working invention/artwork that incorporates at least one rubber band. The entire lesson allows teachers to meet science content standards and introduce polymers and science concepts using the Best Teaching Practices HandsOn/Minds-On Learning and Authentic Problem-Based Learning.
Grades: 3-5, 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Inquiry
Study the Fizz
Abstract: This inquiry activity uses an everyday item, soda, to help the students learn the concepts of solute and solvent and to review the components of a good experiment. The students will discuss and determine manipulated and responding variables and will write a hypothesis and procedure for part of the lesson. Throughout this lesson, the best teaching practices of inquiry approaches, hands-on/minds-on learning, and applications to the real world will be emphasized.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences
What Happens to the Heat?
Abstract: Students will initially visualize the concepts of conduction and insulation through a discrepant event demonstration where materials are heated at high temperatures to show that certain materials will heat up more quickly than others. Afterwards, students will investigate these same concepts using round washers made of different materials to quantify energy transfer through temperature changes. Students will then participate in an interactive activity to define random motion, absolute zero, heat conduction, heat conductor, thermal equilibrium, closed systems, thermal radiation, and photons as well as develop a strong understanding of thermal energy transfer through conduction and radiation. Finally, students will design and create a device to reduce or increase thermal conduction and measure temperature change between real objects as a culminating activity.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
What is a Polymer?
Abstract: Students will explore polymers in the everyday world. They will use their senses (except taste) to make observations and investigate the properties of polymers.
Grades: 3-5, 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Will it Stretch?
Abstract: Students will receive unexpected results when a rubber band is heated and cooled. From this activity they will learn about one of the unique physical properties of the polymer, rubber.
In this lesson, students will explore various aspects of their world using a Geographic Information System in order to make decisions.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
You are What You Eat!
Abstract: Through hands-on activities and inquiry, students will construct a simple calorimeter. Through experimentation and simple calculation, students will determine the number of calories in a sample of food. Through the use of the Internet, students will plan a meal and calculate the number of calories the meal contains. From that calorie count, they will devise an exercise program to "burn off" the calories consumed.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Young's Modulus: An Investigation of Stress Versus Strain Using PDMS Polymer
Abstract: This Lesson is based upon Young's Elastic Modulus. Young's Elastic Modulus (E) closely relates itself to the spring constant (K) used in traditional classroom physics when teaching Hooke's Law. This is outlined in detail in the power point for further information. Through this construction, this lesson can bridge the gap between the engineering scope and traditional physics concepts taught in the classroom. By using a silicone base polymer, we will investigate young's elastic modulus by changing the chemical composition. This polymer used comes from the Sylgard company. This comes as a mix and pour kit of silicone polymer with a cross linking agent (Sylgard 184).
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Ziplock Chemistry
Abstract: Three substances are mixed in a sealed plastic bag. A reaction occurs that causes the bag to get warm and expand while the color of the contents of the bag changes.
Grades: 3-5, 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Adhesives: How Sticky is Your Tape? - Man-made Products
Abstract: In this lesson, students will test the shear strength of different sticky tapes by performing tests in which they will take measurements, record data, and report their findings. They will explain how the usefulness of a manufactured product depends on its function for a particular purpose. Students will learn about how scientists and engineers look to nature to invent products that are useful in our lives.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Adhesives: Measuring Stickiness - Natural Products
Abstract: Students will make a simple device to test the stickiness (adhesion) of household "glues" to determine strength or weakness of the substance to stick two surfaces together. This experience leads to a discussion of adhesion, adhesives (glues), product testing, and applications to daily life. Optional suggestions for Internet research on adhesives are provided.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Build a Better Bouncer
Abstract: Students discover the effect of placing additives in a glue-based putty to alter the physical properties of the putty. They are then challenged to use their knowledge to design the best bouncing ball possible from the simple materials available to them.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Color Your World
Abstract: In this lesson students solve a problem about painting the walls of a room. Dimensions of the problem include calculating the surface area to be painted, the cost of the paint and labor, and the amount of time expended. After students report their solutions, a new technology is introduced that would both save time and money. Besides this home decor example, other examples of this amazing advance in polymer films can be discussed after viewing a short video clip of Dr. Miko Cakmak, Professor of Polymer Engineering at The University of Akron.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Science and Technology
Consider Your Options
Abstract: Students will watch another student make a lunch to take to school. The students will make a list of all the plastic items used to make the lunch. Discussion will follow about the items used to make a complete list. Other students will make the same lunch without using plastic items.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing
Cross that Bridge!
Abstract: This hands-on inquiry activity sets up a problem for students (design a bridge) and gives them specific constraints (type of materials, amount of materials, length of bridge, etc.) under which to work. The participants will work in groups to brainstorm and test multiple bridge designs. Throughout this lesson, the best teaching practices of inquiry approaches, hands-on/minds-on learning, and applications to the real world, will be emphasized.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Science and Technology, Scientific Inquiry
Determining the Coefficient of Friction for Various Tires on a Ramp
Abstract: Students will determine the coefficient of kinetic and static friction for various tires such as tractor, truck, bike, high performance, tourism. They will then have to apply this knowledge to solve a practical problem.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Diaper Dilemma
Abstract: Students will learn what a polymer is and some uses of polymer materials in science. The student will research the polymer sodium polyacrylate. The student will then use inquiry and design a series of tests with given materials to see which brand of diaper will be best for the city hospital to use. Students will have to interpret their results and data to formulate this plan. They will write their results in a letter and will present their results to the class.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Earth and Space Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
The Dirt on Soil
Abstract: Through hands-on exploration, students will learn about three basic soil types and some of their physical properties. Concepts of porosity and permeability will be developed through experimentation. Students will design and implement a model of a water treatment plant.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Earth and Space Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Inquiry
Egg Walk Challenge
Abstract: Students will design a pair of shoes using plastics that will enable them to walk on eggs without breaking them.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technoogy, Scientific Ways of Knowing
The Great Rube Goldberg Polymer Machine
Abstract: Using the Rube Goldberg over-engineered method of design, students will find and utilize only polymers to construct a machine that will move a Polymer object (ball, car, etc) from point A to point B. They must incorporate a Shape-Memory Polymer and at least one example from each category of polymers found in the recycle codes for plastic #1 - #7. The object must change directions at least three times during the trip. This entire lesson allows teachers to meet science content standards and introduce polymers and other science concepts using Best Teaching Practices, Hands-on/Minds-on Learning and Authentic Problem-based Learning.
Grades: 6-8, 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Inquiry
Hold On Tight!
Abstract: In this lesson, students will test the strength of different sticky tapes, such as duct tape, cellophane tape, medical bandage tape, and painters' tape, by performing tests in which they will take measurements, record data, and report their findings. They will explain how the usefulness of a manufactured product depends on its function for a particular purpose. Content information includes a discussion of types of adhesives and the mechanisms by which they work.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
How are Polymers Utilized in Everyday Life?
Abstract: Students will choose one of the ten areas of polymer science from the Macrogalleria web site. They will use the Macrogalleria web site to gather information to put into a graphic organizer. From the information on their graphic organizer the students will construct a Power Point presentation to report their findings to the class.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Science and Technology
How Shocking!
Abstract: Students will be challenged to build a shock absorbing structure using different polymeric materials or rubber that would best protect a gelatin "head" during an impact.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Hydrate Me!
Abstract: In this lesson students will be learning about hydrogels and their importance in wound healing. Students will be completing a lab activity using a hydrogel to determine how well it can hold water.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Life Sciences, Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Hydrogels Make Happy Plants
Abstract: This is a series of activities that allow the students the opportunity to investigate hydrogels. These polymers have the ability to absorb (swell) and release water under certain conditions. First the students will read about hydrogels (Hydrogel: Preparation, characterization, and applications: A review) and develop a working knowledge of the materials. Then, they will go on a Hydrogel Scavenger hunt allowing the teacher the ability to assess their understanding AND demonstrating to the students how prevalent and important these materials are in the world. Then the students will be involved in an investigation where they study different soils with regard to their water retention abilities. This study will include soil that has hydrogel beads mixed in. The addition of the hydrogel beads allows more water to be retained creating a more steady water supply and will then require less watering. Finally, the students will create different formulations of hydrogels using Sodium Alginate. During this part of the investigation, they will first examine bead production in different salts (Lithium Chloride, Potassium Chloride, Magnesium Chloride and they will have already tested Calcium Chloride.) The groups will then select a particular salt and will create the "best" hydrogel beads to be added to their "New and Improved "soil. In this part of the investigation, the students will vary concentrations of the selected salt and determine which bead would have the highest water retention ability and therefore would work most effectively in potting soil.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Life Sciences, Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Impulse: An Investigation of Impulse/Change in Momentum
Abstract: This Lesson is based upon the Impulse/ Change in Momentum Theorem. This inquiry lesson will allow students to explore the Impulse/ Change in Momentum Theorem using a force plate sensor and energy dampening materials to distribute the force of a falling mass over time. An acrylic cylindrical tube will be utilized as a container for each chosen material. A mass that fits the tube well will be dropped from a particular height. The force plate will register the force peak from the drop and the change in time in which this force was imparted. Students will be able to quantify Force and Change in time data as the materials are changed in order to record them in a data table for analysis. Each material will be given a specific cost. This is to ensure that students remember that in engineering ideas are meant to be scaled up and cost effective so they do not go overboard out of the gate. Through this Inquiry, students will learn the necessary content as well as working "like and engineer".
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Industrial Processes of Polymers: How Toys are Made
Abstract: Students explore the ties between science and technology as they simulate the plastic manufacturing processes of extrusion, injection molding and blow molding. Interest is stimulated, and questions are initiated, as students examine a variety of simple plastic toys. Students try to find traits that would lead them to suggest a process by which a given toy was made. Next, students form "manufacturing companies" and actually extrude a product using a common toy - the Play-Doh Fun Factory®. Students also make an injection molded product using a hot glue gun, and a blow molded product using plastic tubing and a simple mold. Finally, students review their original set of toys and classify them as injected, extruded, or blow molded.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
The Nanofiber Chocolate Factory: An Analogy
Abstract: A nanometer is one billionth (1 x 10-9) of a meter which can be about 3 to 5 atoms in width. Electrospun nanofibers produced from polymer solutions are being used in unique ways by scientists. Nanotechnology allows the manipulation of matter, atom by atom at the "nanoscale." Properties of these materials are amplified due to the fact that many fibers can fit into a very small space. Scientists have found many unique ways to use such fibers from producing new materials capable of blocking moisture, removing of toxins from both water and air, delivering medicines to a specific region in or on the body, and tissue scaffolding. The possibilities are endless as scientists and inventors produce new products formed from these extremely small fibers.
In this investigation students will determine the advantages of going small by comparing the amount of chocolate syrup coating on a large diameter pretzel to that of an equal volume of smaller pretzels coated with chocolate. Students will learn what happens to the surface area as the diameter gets smaller and smaller. Students will determine what advantages exist in making the size (diameter) of a pretzel smaller. Students will make the comparison by massing a cup of chocolate syrup before and after dipping the pretzel(s). Students will use their data to support their conclusions. The lesson contains a PowerPoint review of the metric system with pictures to help students visualize large and small number lengths. Using a second PowerPoint set of slides in the elaboration, the teacher can relate the activity to the new field of nanotechnology and discuss with students why it is advantageous for newly developed materials to be so small. This often has to do with the large surface area available on nanosized particles and fibers.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology
Naturally Hydrophobic
Abstract: In nature, hydrophobic systems occur all around us. One such natural phenomenon is the hydrophobicity exhibited in roses and their petals. Another is the hydrophobicity of lotus leaves. The naturally non-wetting surface has micro-scale surface layer properties which create a relative high contact angle when contacted with water. Using contact angle measurements, students will investigate different commercial hydrophobic coatings. Students knowledge of surface chemistry and effective use of skills related to observations, measurement, data analysis and critical thinking will be used to design a multi-tiered experimental design. Students will utilize process to make accurate decisions supporting or disproving manufacture claims of product effectiveness.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Life Sciences, Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Plastic Surface Competition
Abstract: The students will investigate the effect of various treatments on the adhesion of water to common plastic surfaces. The students will compete to make a plastic piece with one side able to retain the most water as possible and the other side as little water as possible. This lesson can be an introduction or review of the six recycled numbered plastics as well as the study of Polymer Engineering and surface science.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Plastics and Rubber: What's the Difference?
Abstract: In this lesson students use observation skills to classify 10-15 common household items into two groups based upon their physical properties. The items are actually all examples of rubber or plastics.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Science and Technology, Scientific Inquiry
Simple Machines: Catapults
Abstract: Working in groups, students will be given materials to build and test a catapult. Then, the groups will exchange catapults so the students can improve on another group's design for accuracy and distance.
Grades: 3-5, 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology
Smelly Synthesis
Abstract: Students will view the nylon rope demonstration to be introduced to polymer synthesis. They will then perform an inquiry investigation of organic synthesis by mixing various carboxylic acids with alcohols to create esters. Depending on the mixture between the acids and alcohols, different smells will be produced. The class will then come together and discuss the purpose of the lab and the results obtained.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
The Stress of Being a Recycled Bag
Abstract: Students will test the tensile strength of a shopping bag and discover that the polyethylene film has a higher tensile strength when pulled parallel with the extrusion lines then when pulled perpendicular to the extrusion lines. The students then apply what they learn to design an experiment to compare the strength a shopping bag made from recycled polyethylene to one that contains no recycled material. This lesson can be done with common inexpensive materials which may be collected from the home. Teacher Notes attached.
Grades: 6-8, 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Stretch your Students' Imaginations
Abstract: Students will explore the properties of polymers using a poly putty made from glue and borax. Physical and chemical changes, conservation of energy, and kinetic friction will be explained. An extension of the lesson allows the students a fun opportunity to enter a national contest: the AGPA's annual Rubber Band Contest for Young Inventors. This contest challenges students to design and create a working invention/artwork that incorporates at least one rubber band. The entire lesson allows teachers to meet science content standards and introduce polymers and science concepts using the Best Teaching Practices HandsOn/Minds-On Learning and Authentic Problem-Based Learning.
Grades: 3-5, 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Inquiry
What Happens to the Heat?
Abstract: Students will initially visualize the concepts of conduction and insulation through a discrepant event demonstration where materials are heated at high temperatures to show that certain materials will heat up more quickly than others. Afterwards, students will investigate these same concepts using round washers made of different materials to quantify energy transfer through temperature changes. Students will then participate in an interactive activity to define random motion, absolute zero, heat conduction, heat conductor, thermal equilibrium, closed systems, thermal radiation, and photons as well as develop a strong understanding of thermal energy transfer through conduction and radiation. Finally, students will design and create a device to reduce or increase thermal conduction and measure temperature change between real objects as a culminating activity.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
What's in Crude Oil?
Abstract: Students will be divided into research teams. Each team will research how fractional distillation works, as well as describe one of the major products of fractional distillation. Students will then use distillation to separate 2 liquids. The concept of density will be used. (D=M/V).
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Earth and Space Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing
Where to Live?
Abstract: The use of computerized information is a growing part of everyday life. More and more people around the country and around the globe are plugging into geographic, social, economic, political, and environmental information to answer practical questions in their lives. The answers they find have relevance in their education, affect their business decisions, expand their understanding of the place they call home, and influence personal choices.
In this lesson, students will explore various aspects of their world using a Geographic Information System in order to make decisions.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Science and Technology, Scientific Inquiry
Young's Modulus: An Investigation of Stress Versus Strain Using PDMS Polymer
Abstract: This Lesson is based upon Young's Elastic Modulus. Young's Elastic Modulus (E) closely relates itself to the spring constant (K) used in traditional classroom physics when teaching Hooke's Law. This is outlined in detail in the power point for further information. Through this construction, this lesson can bridge the gap between the engineering scope and traditional physics concepts taught in the classroom. By using a silicone base polymer, we will investigate young's elastic modulus by changing the chemical composition. This polymer used comes from the Sylgard company. This comes as a mix and pour kit of silicone polymer with a cross linking agent (Sylgard 184).
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
A Comparative Study of Lactase and Lactase Supplements
Abstract: Lactose intolerance is the number one known enzyme deficiency, with over 70% of the worlds (adult) population affected. According to the Encyclopedia of Children's Health (http://www.healthofchildren.com/C/Carbohydrate-Intolerance.html) there are 30 to 50 million Americans who suffer from Lactose Intolerance. In this lesson, students will conduct a comparative study to examine the effectiveness of Lactase supplements versus pure Lactase? The lesson is presented as an inquiry lesson, but the attached worksheet provides guided instructions.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Life Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
A Test of Adhesive Strength
Abstract: Students investigate the variables that may impact the peel force of different tapes/adhesives. This includes, factors such as the type of adhesive, peel force, angle, width of sample, and velocity of pull. Although all these may be tested some relationships are trivial for high school students depending on the level. So we will test angle, width, velocity and their relationship to the peel force.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Life Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Adhesives: How Sticky is Your Tape? - Man-made Products
Abstract: In this lesson, students will test the shear strength of different sticky tapes by performing tests in which they will take measurements, record data, and report their findings. They will explain how the usefulness of a manufactured product depends on its function for a particular purpose. Students will learn about how scientists and engineers look to nature to invent products that are useful in our lives.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Adhesives: Measuring Stickiness - Natural Products
Abstract: Students will make a simple device to test the stickiness (adhesion) of household "glues" to determine strength or weakness of the substance to stick two surfaces together. This experience leads to a discussion of adhesion, adhesives (glues), product testing, and applications to daily life. Optional suggestions for Internet research on adhesives are provided.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Build a Better Bouncer
Abstract: Students discover the effect of placing additives in a glue-based putty to alter the physical properties of the putty. They are then challenged to use their knowledge to design the best bouncing ball possible from the simple materials available to them.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Can You Get Enough Protein from Milk Alternatives?
Abstract: This guided inquiry lesson allows students to apply their knowledge of organic compounds (primarily proteins) to their everyday life. Biochemistry lessons on proteins and enzyme insufficiency often make students wonder how someone who is lactose intolerant can obtain essential proteins from milk alternatives. This lesson lets students explore whether or not milk alternatives have the same protein concentration as traditional milk.
Grades: 9-10
Subject: Life Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Consider Your Options
Abstract: Students will watch another student make a lunch to take to school. The students will make a list of all the plastic items used to make the lunch. Discussion will follow about the items used to make a complete list. Other students will make the same lunch without using plastic items.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing
Determining the Coefficient of Friction for Various Tires on a Ramp
Abstract: Students will determine the coefficient of kinetic and static friction for various tires such as tractor, truck, bike, high performance, tourism. They will then have to apply this knowledge to solve a practical problem.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Diaper Dilemma
Abstract: Students will learn what a polymer is and some uses of polymer materials in science. The student will research the polymer sodium polyacrylate. The student will then use inquiry and design a series of tests with given materials to see which brand of diaper will be best for the city hospital to use. Students will have to interpret their results and data to formulate this plan. They will write their results in a letter and will present their results to the class.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Earth and Space Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Drug Delivery with Polymer Based Nanoparticles
Abstract: Students will critique common drug delivery techniques and analyze ways that newer nanotechnology techniques could be more beneficial for drug delivery. The students will be responsible for investigating the properties needed for nanoparticles to be used in biological systems in order for cellular uptake to occur and for proper release of the entrapped drug to take place. Students will use prior knowledge of cellular transport and cellular structures to guide them in this inquiry. Once students construct parameters needed to potentially design the nanoparticles, and the teacher has steered them towards working with polymers, they will choose a variable they would like to test on model particles and hypothesize its effect on the particles release of the entrapped material. Students will create their model particles in the lab and then investigate the environmental variable on the particles by designing an experiment in the lab. Students can then draw conclusions on the effectiveness of their particles based on one parameter of their initial design.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Egg Walk Challenge
Abstract: Students will design a pair of shoes using plastics that will enable them to walk on eggs without breaking them.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technoogy, Scientific Ways of Knowing
Electromagnetic Energy and Its Spectrum
Abstract: As a result of hands-on exploration and inquiry, students will learn about electromagnetic radiation and the electromagnetic spectrum. Students will create waves to understand the relationship between energy and wavelength. Students will design and implement an experiment to reduce UV exposure to an object.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Earth and Space Sciences, Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Exploring the Physical and Chemical Properties of Polymers
Abstract: This activity involves the students in an inquiry based examination of the physical and chemical properties of polymers.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Heat Loss and Gain
Abstract: Students will measure both qualitatively and quantitatively the heat of physical changes and a chemical reaction.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Hold On Tight!
Abstract: In this lesson, students will test the strength of different sticky tapes, such as duct tape, cellophane tape, medical bandage tape, and painters' tape, by performing tests in which they will take measurements, record data, and report their findings. They will explain how the usefulness of a manufactured product depends on its function for a particular purpose. Content information includes a discussion of types of adhesives and the mechanisms by which they work.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
How Creepy!
Abstract: Students will observe, measure, and graph a model of slow downslope movement. This task assesses students' abilities to collect, record, and organize data, set up graph axes, plot data points, draw line graphs, apply mathematics, infer based on observational data, predict based on a model, and apply models to other situations.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Earth and Space Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
How Shocking!
Abstract: Students will be challenged to build a shock absorbing structure using different polymeric materials or rubber that would best protect a gelatin "head" during an impact.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Hydrate Me!
Abstract: In this lesson students will be learning about hydrogels and their importance in wound healing. Students will be completing a lab activity using a hydrogel to determine how well it can hold water.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Life Sciences, Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Hydrogels Make Happy Plants
Abstract: This is a series of activities that allow the students the opportunity to investigate hydrogels. These polymers have the ability to absorb (swell) and release water under certain conditions. First the students will read about hydrogels (Hydrogel: Preparation, characterization, and applications: A review) and develop a working knowledge of the materials. Then, they will go on a Hydrogel Scavenger hunt allowing the teacher the ability to assess their understanding AND demonstrating to the students how prevalent and important these materials are in the world. Then the students will be involved in an investigation where they study different soils with regard to their water retention abilities. This study will include soil that has hydrogel beads mixed in. The addition of the hydrogel beads allows more water to be retained creating a more steady water supply and will then require less watering. Finally, the students will create different formulations of hydrogels using Sodium Alginate. During this part of the investigation, they will first examine bead production in different salts (Lithium Chloride, Potassium Chloride, Magnesium Chloride and they will have already tested Calcium Chloride.) The groups will then select a particular salt and will create the "best" hydrogel beads to be added to their "New and Improved "soil. In this part of the investigation, the students will vary concentrations of the selected salt and determine which bead would have the highest water retention ability and therefore would work most effectively in potting soil.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Life Sciences, Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Impulse: An Investigation of Impulse/Change in Momentum
Abstract: This Lesson is based upon the Impulse/ Change in Momentum Theorem. This inquiry lesson will allow students to explore the Impulse/ Change in Momentum Theorem using a force plate sensor and energy dampening materials to distribute the force of a falling mass over time. An acrylic cylindrical tube will be utilized as a container for each chosen material. A mass that fits the tube well will be dropped from a particular height. The force plate will register the force peak from the drop and the change in time in which this force was imparted. Students will be able to quantify Force and Change in time data as the materials are changed in order to record them in a data table for analysis. Each material will be given a specific cost. This is to ensure that students remember that in engineering ideas are meant to be scaled up and cost effective so they do not go overboard out of the gate. Through this Inquiry, students will learn the necessary content as well as working "like and engineer".
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Industrial Processes of Polymers: How Toys are Made
Abstract: Students explore the ties between science and technology as they simulate the plastic manufacturing processes of extrusion, injection molding and blow molding. Interest is stimulated, and questions are initiated, as students examine a variety of simple plastic toys. Students try to find traits that would lead them to suggest a process by which a given toy was made. Next, students form "manufacturing companies" and actually extrude a product using a common toy - the Play-Doh Fun Factory®. Students also make an injection molded product using a hot glue gun, and a blow molded product using plastic tubing and a simple mold. Finally, students review their original set of toys and classify them as injected, extruded, or blow molded.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Jungle Gym Drop
Abstract: Through several trials of dropping objects from various levels of a jungle-gym, students will be able to find out more about gravity, forces, and motion.
Grades: 3-5
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing
Making Bouncing Balls
Abstract: Children have the opportunity to use different materials to make balls. They design and build balls and explore how their balls roll, bounce, and fall. They also take apart old balls to see how they are made and use these ideas in making more balls.
Grades: K-2
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing
Marbles and Momentum
Abstract: Using the game of marbles, students will explore how momentum is transferred from one object to another object in an elastic collision. Students will determine the properties that make a good shooter.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Scientific Ways of Knowing
Miracle Fish
Abstract: This lesson plan leads students through the process of designing an experiment. First, students are given a miracle fish and asked to make observations. Then, through a series of steps, they develop procedures to investigate the behavior of the fish and determine the most likely cause of the curling of the fish when it is placed in the palm of the hand. After discussing the components of an experiment, students are led through a second exploration, involving polymer spikes, where they practice and build on what they have learned by forming questions, identifying variables, making observations, collecting data, completing graphs, and drawing conclusions.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Mystery Powders
Abstract: Students will observe physical changes by adding water to eight different polymer powders. They will record physical properties before and after adding the water. Students will analyze their observations to identify the powders. They discover polymers are more than just plastic.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Nanofibers: Why Go Small?
Abstract: A nanometer is one billionth (1 x 10-9) of a meter which can be about 3 to 5 atoms in width. Electrospun nanofibers produced from polymer solutions are being used in unique ways by scientists. Nanotechnology allows the manipulation of matter, atom by atom at the "nanoscale." Properties of these materials are amplified due to the fact that many fibers can fit into a very small space. Scientists have found many unique ways to use such fibers from producing new materials capable of blocking moisture, removing of toxins from both water and air, delivering medicines to a specific region in or on the body, and tissue scaffolding. The possibilities are endless as scientists and inventors produce new products formed from these extremely small fibers.
In this investigation students will determine the advantages of going small by comparing the amount of chocolate syrup coating on a large diameter pretzel to that of an equal volume of smaller pretzels coated with chocolate. Students will learn what happens to the surface area as the diameter gets smaller and smaller. Students will determine what advantages exist in making the size (diameter) of a pretzel smaller. Students will make the comparison by massing a cup of chocolate syrup before and after dipping the pretzel(s). Students will use their data, graphs and mathematical equations to support their conclusions. The lesson contains a Powerpoint review of the metric system with pictures to help students visualize large and small number lengths. Using a second Powerpoint set of slides in the elaboration, the teacher can relate the activity to the new field of nanotechnology and discuss with students why it is advantageous for newly developed materials to be so small. This often has to do with the large surface area available on nanosized particles and fibers.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Naturally Hydrophobic
Abstract: In nature, hydrophobic systems occur all around us. One such natural phenomenon is the hydrophobicity exhibited in roses and their petals. Another is the hydrophobicity of lotus leaves. The naturally non-wetting surface has micro-scale surface layer properties which create a relative high contact angle when contacted with water. Using contact angle measurements, students will investigate different commercial hydrophobic coatings. Students knowledge of surface chemistry and effective use of skills related to observations, measurement, data analysis and critical thinking will be used to design a multi-tiered experimental design. Students will utilize process to make accurate decisions supporting or disproving manufacture claims of product effectiveness.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Life Sciences, Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
No3 to Nitrate in Our Waterways
Abstract: Students will analyze water samples with a portable spectrometer for phosphate and nitrate levels in water sources. They will then apply this knowledge to understanding how monitoring these levels can be used on a global level to analyze and monitor water quality.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Biology, Chemistry, Environmental Science, Earth Science, Scientific Ways of Knowing and Scientific Inquiry
Plastic Surface Competition
Abstract: The students will investigate the effect of various treatments on the adhesion of water to common plastic surfaces. The students will compete to make a plastic piece with one side able to retain the most water as possible and the other side as little water as possible. This lesson can be an introduction or review of the six recycled numbered plastics as well as the study of Polymer Engineering and surface science.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Polymer Pie
Abstract: Students should investigate which starches will create the "best" pie. They will first brainstorm what qualities they would like to have in a custard-type pie, they investigate the properties of different commercially available starches like corn and potato in order to develop a recipe for making a "pie filling" sample that exhibits the desired properties. Students can then further investigate how the human body digests the different components of the starch (amylose and amylopectin).
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Polymer Rockets
Abstract: Students will design, create and test a polymer rocket.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing
The Polymer Schoolhouse
Abstract: Each cooperative group will construct a shoe box diorama of a particular room of their school. This would include rooms such as classrooms, playground, cafeteria, gymnasium, principal's office, art/music rooms, etc.
Grades: 3-5
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing
Properties of Spider Web Adhesion
Abstract: Students explore how spiders create their webs and the properties of the webs to catch food. This includes exploring the viscosity and velocity of the solution to see how they impact the drop size of the "glue" on the silk.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Life Sciences, Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Rethink Those Polymer Six Pack Rings
Abstract: Students will bury organic and man-made materials, some of which are polymers, to see if they decompose. They will observe the materials and record their results. After seeing that the polymer of the six-pack rings does not disintegrate at all after being buried, they will learn that these can photo degrade. They will then design and perform an experiment to photo degrade the six-pack rings and record their results.
Grades: K-2
Subject: Life Sciences, Earth and Space Sciences, Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing
Smelly Synthesis
Abstract: Students will view the nylon rope demonstration to be introduced to polymer synthesis. They will then perform an inquiry investigation of organic synthesis by mixing various carboxylic acids with alcohols to create esters. Depending on the mixture between the acids and alcohols, different smells will be produced. The class will then come together and discuss the purpose of the lab and the results obtained.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Specific Gravity - The Relative Density of Liquids
Abstract: Students will learn, through the creation of their handmade hydrometer, how a hydrometer functions and what it measures. Using their hydrometer, they will determine the relative differences in specific gravity of liquids and compare these values to those obtained from a commercially manufactured hydrometer. Based on their findings, students will create their own liquid density column.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
The Stress of Being a Recycled Bag
Abstract: Students will test the tensile strength of a shopping bag and discover that the polyethylene film has a higher tensile strength when pulled parallel with the extrusion lines then when pulled perpendicular to the extrusion lines. The students then apply what they learn to design an experiment to compare the strength a shopping bag made from recycled polyethylene to one that contains no recycled material. This lesson can be done with common inexpensive materials which may be collected from the home. Teacher Notes attached.
Grades: 6-8, 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
What Happens to the Heat?
Abstract: Students will initially visualize the concepts of conduction and insulation through a discrepant event demonstration where materials are heated at high temperatures to show that certain materials will heat up more quickly than others. Afterwards, students will investigate these same concepts using round washers made of different materials to quantify energy transfer through temperature changes. Students will then participate in an interactive activity to define random motion, absolute zero, heat conduction, heat conductor, thermal equilibrium, closed systems, thermal radiation, and photons as well as develop a strong understanding of thermal energy transfer through conduction and radiation. Finally, students will design and create a device to reduce or increase thermal conduction and measure temperature change between real objects as a culminating activity.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
What's in Crude Oil?
Abstract: Students will be divided into research teams. Each team will research how fractional distillation works, as well as describe one of the major products of fractional distillation. Students will then use distillation to separate 2 liquids. The concept of density will be used. (D=M/V).
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Earth and Space Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing
Will it Stretch?
Abstract: Students will receive unexpected results when a rubber band is heated and cooled. From this activity they will learn about one of the unique physical properties of the polymer, rubber.
In this lesson, students will explore various aspects of their world using a Geographic Information System in order to make decisions.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
You are What You Eat!
Abstract: Through hands-on activities and inquiry, students will construct a simple calorimeter. Through experimentation and simple calculation, students will determine the number of calories in a sample of food. Through the use of the Internet, students will plan a meal and calculate the number of calories the meal contains. From that calorie count, they will devise an exercise program to "burn off" the calories consumed.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Young's Modulus: An Investigation of Stress Versus Strain Using PDMS Polymer
Abstract: This Lesson is based upon Young's Elastic Modulus. Young's Elastic Modulus (E) closely relates itself to the spring constant (K) used in traditional classroom physics when teaching Hooke's Law. This is outlined in detail in the power point for further information. Through this construction, this lesson can bridge the gap between the engineering scope and traditional physics concepts taught in the classroom. By using a silicone base polymer, we will investigate young's elastic modulus by changing the chemical composition. This polymer used comes from the Sylgard company. This comes as a mix and pour kit of silicone polymer with a cross linking agent (Sylgard 184).
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
A Comparative Study of Lactase and Lactase Supplements
Abstract: Lactose intolerance is the number one known enzyme deficiency, with over 70% of the worlds (adult) population affected. According to the Encyclopedia of Children's Health (http://www.healthofchildren.com/C/Carbohydrate-Intolerance.html) there are 30 to 50 million Americans who suffer from Lactose Intolerance. In this lesson, students will conduct a comparative study to examine the effectiveness of Lactase supplements versus pure Lactase? The lesson is presented as an inquiry lesson, but the attached worksheet provides guided instructions.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Life Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
A Test of Adhesive Strength
Abstract: Students investigate the variables that may impact the peel force of different tapes/adhesives. This includes, factors such as the type of adhesive, peel force, angle, width of sample, and velocity of pull. Although all these may be tested some relationships are trivial for high school students depending on the level. So we will test angle, width, velocity and their relationship to the peel force.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Life Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Adhesives: How Sticky is Your Tape? - Man-made Products
Abstract: In this lesson, students will test the shear strength of different sticky tapes by performing tests in which they will take measurements, record data, and report their findings. They will explain how the usefulness of a manufactured product depends on its function for a particular purpose. Students will learn about how scientists and engineers look to nature to invent products that are useful in our lives.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Adhesives: Measuring Stickiness - Natural Products
Abstract: Students will make a simple device to test the stickiness (adhesion) of household "glues" to determine strength or weakness of the substance to stick two surfaces together. This experience leads to a discussion of adhesion, adhesives (glues), product testing, and applications to daily life. Optional suggestions for Internet research on adhesives are provided.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Balloon Ball Bounce
Abstract: In this activity, students will realize that different sports use balls with different amounts of rebound. Understanding this idea, the students will determine if the number of balloons in a balloon ball affect the rebound height. The students will then use the ball to discuss energy conversions.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
The Bending and Bouncing of Light
Abstract: Students will learn about the transfer of light energy as it interacts with matter. Key terms of refraction and reflection will be explored through hands-on inquiry. The science of the formation of rainbows will also explored.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Earth and Space Sciences, Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Build a Better Bouncer
Abstract: Students discover the effect of placing additives in a glue-based putty to alter the physical properties of the putty. They are then challenged to use their knowledge to design the best bouncing ball possible from the simple materials available to them.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Can You Get Enough Protein from Milk Alternatives?
Abstract: This guided inquiry lesson allows students to apply their knowledge of organic compounds (primarily proteins) to their everyday life. Biochemistry lessons on proteins and enzyme insufficiency often make students wonder how someone who is lactose intolerant can obtain essential proteins from milk alternatives. This lesson lets students explore whether or not milk alternatives have the same protein concentration as traditional milk.
Grades: 9-10
Subject: Life Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Can You See the Light?
Abstract: Students will learn through design and implementation of their own experiments about the transmission of light energy. Vocabulary terms such as transparent, translucent, and opaque are introduced and explored through hands-on exploration.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Classification of Matter
Abstract: This activity involves the students in an inquiry into classifying various materials.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Cling On's
Abstract: Through design and implementation of their own experiments, students will learn about static electricity and its relationship with various materials. Additionally, students will learn the conditions in which static electricity is produced and how it can be reduced.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Condiment Diver: The World's Simplest Cartesian Diver
Abstract: This activity uses a condiment packet to teach students how fish use their swim bladders to rise and descend in the water. The students will also learn about density, buoyancy, and sinking and floating.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Counting Animal Populations
Abstract: Through hands-on investigation, students will learn about the method field scientists use to determine the population of a species for a specified study area. Through collaboration they will design and implement their own strategic method for counting the population of students in their school.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Life Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Creating Shape Memory Polymers
Abstract: Shape memory polymers are an emerging class of polymers that have the capability of changing into a different programmed shape and then back to its original shape. This shape change is usually caused by some outside stimulus like heat, light, magnetism or electricity. Because shape memory polymers can exist in different shapes, they have many potential uses such as self-tying sutures, medical implants and other high tech applications. In this activity, students will transform a homemade rubber band into a shape memory polymer using latex and lauric acid. Students will then be tasked with creating specific shapes with their shape memory polymer as well as creating new shapes of their own.
Grades: 7-12
Subject: Scientific Inquiry
Cross that Bridge!
Abstract: This hands-on inquiry activity sets up a problem for students (design a bridge) and gives them specific constraints (type of materials, amount of materials, length of bridge, etc.) under which to work. The participants will work in groups to brainstorm and test multiple bridge designs. Throughout this lesson, the best teaching practices of inquiry approaches, hands-on/minds-on learning, and applications to the real world, will be emphasized.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Science and Technology, Scientific Inquiry
Cups Under Pressure
Abstract: Students will observe how a Styrofoam cup shrinks under pressure in a cooker.
Grades: 3-5, 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Describing the Motion of a Battery Powered Car
Abstract: Students use the variables of time and distance traveled to observe the characteristics of a distance vs time graphs for the motion of a battery powered car operating with one battery then again with two batteries. This allows students to explore how the number of batteries used to power the car affects the characteristics of distance vs time graphs. Students then use the time and distance data collected for the motion of the cars in the two trials to calculate the average speed of the car in each case. The average speeds will then be compared to the slopes of the respective distance vs. time graphs.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Determining the Coefficient of Friction for Various Tires on a Ramp
Abstract: Students will determine the coefficient of kinetic and static friction for various tires such as tractor, truck, bike, high performance, tourism. They will then have to apply this knowledge to solve a practical problem.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Determining the Density of Water
Abstract: Students will determine the density of one drop of water using experimental laboratory methods and graphing techniques, and then independently find the density of another liquid such as cooking oil. This lesson can be teacher directed or conducted as an open investigation.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Diaper Dilemma
Abstract: Students will learn what a polymer is and some uses of polymer materials in science. The student will research the polymer sodium polyacrylate. The student will then use inquiry and design a series of tests with given materials to see which brand of diaper will be best for the city hospital to use. Students will have to interpret their results and data to formulate this plan. They will write their results in a letter and will present their results to the class.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Earth and Space Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
The Dirt on Soil
Abstract: Through hands-on exploration, students will learn about three basic soil types and some of their physical properties. Concepts of porosity and permeability will be developed through experimentation. Students will design and implement a model of a water treatment plant.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Earth and Space Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Inquiry
Downhill Racer
Abstract: Students investigate the motion of a car traveling on an inclined plane and along a flat surface. Students observe the pattern of drops left by the moving car. The changing distances between the successive drops indicate that the car was not traveling at a constant speed. From the drops, students will be able to collect data and graph both the velocity and acceleration of the car.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Drug Delivery with Polymer Based Nanoparticles
Abstract: Students will critique common drug delivery techniques and analyze ways that newer nanotechnology techniques could be more beneficial for drug delivery. The students will be responsible for investigating the properties needed for nanoparticles to be used in biological systems in order for cellular uptake to occur and for proper release of the entrapped drug to take place. Students will use prior knowledge of cellular transport and cellular structures to guide them in this inquiry. Once students construct parameters needed to potentially design the nanoparticles, and the teacher has steered them towards working with polymers, they will choose a variable they would like to test on model particles and hypothesize its effect on the particles release of the entrapped material. Students will create their model particles in the lab and then investigate the environmental variable on the particles by designing an experiment in the lab. Students can then draw conclusions on the effectiveness of their particles based on one parameter of their initial design.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Electromagnetic Energy and Its Spectrum
Abstract: As a result of hands-on exploration and inquiry, students will learn about electromagnetic radiation and the electromagnetic spectrum. Students will create waves to understand the relationship between energy and wavelength. Students will design and implement an experiment to reduce UV exposure to an object.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Earth and Space Sciences, Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Exploring Osmosis with Polymers
Abstract: In the first part of the lab activity, students will be making their own "gummies" similar to gummy worms and Boba fruit spheres using sodium alginate, a polymer found in green algae. The student will then make a connection to osmosis properties by soaking their polymers in distilled water, tap water and salt water, and collected data on mass change.
Grades: 10
Subject: Scientific Inquiry
Exploring the Physical and Chemical Properties of Polymers
Abstract: This activity involves the students in an inquiry based examination of the physical and chemical properties of polymers.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Fishing Line Tests
Abstract: This lab is to test the stretch and breaking points of various brands and strength of polymer fishing lines and to graph the data collected.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Scientific Inquiry
Float Your Boat
Abstract: Through design and implementation of their own experiments about Archimedes' Principle, students will learn the effects of the force of buoyancy, and the role density plays in the sinking and float of objects.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
The Great Rube Goldberg Polymer Machine
Abstract: Using the Rube Goldberg over-engineered method of design, students will find and utilize only polymers to construct a machine that will move a Polymer object (ball, car, etc) from point A to point B. They must incorporate a Shape-Memory Polymer and at least one example from each category of polymers found in the recycle codes for plastic #1 - #7. The object must change directions at least three times during the trip. This entire lesson allows teachers to meet science content standards and introduce polymers and other science concepts using Best Teaching Practices, Hands-on/Minds-on Learning and Authentic Problem-based Learning.
Grades: 6-8, 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Inquiry
Heat Loss and Gain
Abstract: Students will measure both qualitatively and quantitatively the heat of physical changes and a chemical reaction.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Hold On Tight!
Abstract: In this lesson, students will test the strength of different sticky tapes, such as duct tape, cellophane tape, medical bandage tape, and painters' tape, by performing tests in which they will take measurements, record data, and report their findings. They will explain how the usefulness of a manufactured product depends on its function for a particular purpose. Content information includes a discussion of types of adhesives and the mechanisms by which they work.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
How Creepy!
Abstract: Students will observe, measure, and graph a model of slow downslope movement. This task assesses students' abilities to collect, record, and organize data, set up graph axes, plot data points, draw line graphs, apply mathematics, infer based on observational data, predict based on a model, and apply models to other situations.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Earth and Space Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
How Shocking!
Abstract: Students will be challenged to build a shock absorbing structure using different polymeric materials or rubber that would best protect a gelatin "head" during an impact.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Hydrate Me!
Abstract: In this lesson students will be learning about hydrogels and their importance in wound healing. Students will be completing a lab activity using a hydrogel to determine how well it can hold water.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Life Sciences, Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Hydrogels Make Happy Plants
Abstract: This is a series of activities that allow the students the opportunity to investigate hydrogels. These polymers have the ability to absorb (swell) and release water under certain conditions. First the students will read about hydrogels (Hydrogel: Preparation, characterization, and applications: A review) and develop a working knowledge of the materials. Then, they will go on a Hydrogel Scavenger hunt allowing the teacher the ability to assess their understanding AND demonstrating to the students how prevalent and important these materials are in the world. Then the students will be involved in an investigation where they study different soils with regard to their water retention abilities. This study will include soil that has hydrogel beads mixed in. The addition of the hydrogel beads allows more water to be retained creating a more steady water supply and will then require less watering. Finally, the students will create different formulations of hydrogels using Sodium Alginate. During this part of the investigation, they will first examine bead production in different salts (Lithium Chloride, Potassium Chloride, Magnesium Chloride and they will have already tested Calcium Chloride.) The groups will then select a particular salt and will create the "best" hydrogel beads to be added to their "New and Improved "soil. In this part of the investigation, the students will vary concentrations of the selected salt and determine which bead would have the highest water retention ability and therefore would work most effectively in potting soil.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Life Sciences, Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Impulse: An Investigation of Impulse/Change in Momentum
Abstract: This Lesson is based upon the Impulse/ Change in Momentum Theorem. This inquiry lesson will allow students to explore the Impulse/ Change in Momentum Theorem using a force plate sensor and energy dampening materials to distribute the force of a falling mass over time. An acrylic cylindrical tube will be utilized as a container for each chosen material. A mass that fits the tube well will be dropped from a particular height. The force plate will register the force peak from the drop and the change in time in which this force was imparted. Students will be able to quantify Force and Change in time data as the materials are changed in order to record them in a data table for analysis. Each material will be given a specific cost. This is to ensure that students remember that in engineering ideas are meant to be scaled up and cost effective so they do not go overboard out of the gate. Through this Inquiry, students will learn the necessary content as well as working "like and engineer".
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Industrial Processes of Polymers: How Toys are Made
Abstract: Students explore the ties between science and technology as they simulate the plastic manufacturing processes of extrusion, injection molding and blow molding. Interest is stimulated, and questions are initiated, as students examine a variety of simple plastic toys. Students try to find traits that would lead them to suggest a process by which a given toy was made. Next, students form "manufacturing companies" and actually extrude a product using a common toy - the Play-Doh Fun Factory®. Students also make an injection molded product using a hot glue gun, and a blow molded product using plastic tubing and a simple mold. Finally, students review their original set of toys and classify them as injected, extruded, or blow molded.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Introduction to Lasers and Optics
Abstract: In this lesson, students will construct a small scale laser table and reflect a laser beam around an object. Students will be exposed to some of the key components of real life laser systems and learn how to control light propagation (control how the light travels around the laser table).
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Magnetic Discovery Bottle
Abstract: This lesson uses a "Magnetic Discovery Bottle" to teach students: how to conduct a simple investigation; to use simple equipment to gather data; to use data to arrive at a reasonable explanation; to communicate the investigations and explanations; to describe the properties of magnets; to explain why some materials are magnetic and some are not.
Grades: 3-5
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Making a Model Lung
Abstract: In "The Model Lung" lesson students will construct a simple model of the human lung and use this model to identify the structure and function of the lung. In the lesson extension, students will model and research malfunctions to the respiratory system due to illness or disease.
Grades: 3-5
Subject: Scientific Inquiry
Miracle Fish
Abstract: This lesson plan leads students through the process of designing an experiment. First, students are given a miracle fish and asked to make observations. Then, through a series of steps, they develop procedures to investigate the behavior of the fish and determine the most likely cause of the curling of the fish when it is placed in the palm of the hand. After discussing the components of an experiment, students are led through a second exploration, involving polymer spikes, where they practice and build on what they have learned by forming questions, identifying variables, making observations, collecting data, completing graphs, and drawing conclusions.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Mystery Powders
Abstract: Students will observe physical changes by adding water to eight different polymer powders. They will record physical properties before and after adding the water. Students will analyze their observations to identify the powders. They discover polymers are more than just plastic.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Nanofibers: Why Go Small?
Abstract: A nanometer is one billionth (1 x 10-9) of a meter which can be about 3 to 5 atoms in width. Electrospun nanofibers produced from polymer solutions are being used in unique ways by scientists. Nanotechnology allows the manipulation of matter, atom by atom at the "nanoscale." Properties of these materials are amplified due to the fact that many fibers can fit into a very small space. Scientists have found many unique ways to use such fibers from producing new materials capable of blocking moisture, removing of toxins from both water and air, delivering medicines to a specific region in or on the body, and tissue scaffolding. The possibilities are endless as scientists and inventors produce new products formed from these extremely small fibers.
In this investigation students will determine the advantages of going small by comparing the amount of chocolate syrup coating on a large diameter pretzel to that of an equal volume of smaller pretzels coated with chocolate. Students will learn what happens to the surface area as the diameter gets smaller and smaller. Students will determine what advantages exist in making the size (diameter) of a pretzel smaller. Students will make the comparison by massing a cup of chocolate syrup before and after dipping the pretzel(s). Students will use their data, graphs and mathematical equations to support their conclusions. The lesson contains a Powerpoint review of the metric system with pictures to help students visualize large and small number lengths. Using a second Powerpoint set of slides in the elaboration, the teacher can relate the activity to the new field of nanotechnology and discuss with students why it is advantageous for newly developed materials to be so small. This often has to do with the large surface area available on nanosized particles and fibers.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Naturally Hydrophobic
Abstract: In nature, hydrophobic systems occur all around us. One such natural phenomenon is the hydrophobicity exhibited in roses and their petals. Another is the hydrophobicity of lotus leaves. The naturally non-wetting surface has micro-scale surface layer properties which create a relative high contact angle when contacted with water. Using contact angle measurements, students will investigate different commercial hydrophobic coatings. Students knowledge of surface chemistry and effective use of skills related to observations, measurement, data analysis and critical thinking will be used to design a multi-tiered experimental design. Students will utilize process to make accurate decisions supporting or disproving manufacture claims of product effectiveness.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Life Sciences, Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
No3 to Nitrate in Our Waterways
Abstract: Students will analyze water samples with a portable spectrometer for phosphate and nitrate levels in water sources. They will then apply this knowledge to understanding how monitoring these levels can be used on a global level to analyze and monitor water quality.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Biology, Chemistry, Environmental Science, Earth Science, Scientific Ways of Knowing and Scientific Inquiry
Observations and Inferences
Abstract: Students will learn to distinguish observations from inferences. Students observe what they think is a burning candle and list all their observations. In reality they are observing a cylinder of apple or potato with a burning nut on the end. When all the students' observations are listed, a discussion is lead to separate actual observations from inferences students have made. Next students observe the appearance and behavior of two balls which are similar in appearance but very different in composition. Observations and inferences are made relating to the two balls.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Scientific Inquiry
One Plus One Makes New
Abstract: Through the introduction of a historical event, students will learn about the properties of matter and how properties can change when composite materials are produced. Through initial guided experimentation, students will be able to apply the knowledge learned and design and implement their own experiments.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Physical Properties of Bouncing Balls
Abstract: Students create bouncing balls of various shapes and determine the differences in the height that the various balls bounce.
Grades: 3-5
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Plastic Surface Competition
Abstract: The students will investigate the effect of various treatments on the adhesion of water to common plastic surfaces. The students will compete to make a plastic piece with one side able to retain the most water as possible and the other side as little water as possible. This lesson can be an introduction or review of the six recycled numbered plastics as well as the study of Polymer Engineering and surface science.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Plastics and Rubber: What's the Difference?
Abstract: In this lesson students use observation skills to classify 10-15 common household items into two groups based upon their physical properties. The items are actually all examples of rubber or plastics.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Science and Technology, Scientific Inquiry
Plink Plank Plunk
Abstract: Students will design musical instruments from provided materials to understand the following properties of sound: frequency and pitch.
Grades: 3-5
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Polymer Pie
Abstract: Students should investigate which starches will create the "best" pie. They will first brainstorm what qualities they would like to have in a custard-type pie, they investigate the properties of different commercially available starches like corn and potato in order to develop a recipe for making a "pie filling" sample that exhibits the desired properties. Students can then further investigate how the human body digests the different components of the starch (amylose and amylopectin).
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Properties of Spider Web Adhesion
Abstract: Students explore how spiders create their webs and the properties of the webs to catch food. This includes exploring the viscosity and velocity of the solution to see how they impact the drop size of the "glue" on the silk.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Life Sciences, Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Sink/Float Discovery Bottle
Abstract: This lesson uses a "Sink/Float Discovery Bottle" to teach students how to conduct a simple investigation, use simple equipment to make observations, use observations to arrive at a reasonable explanation, and to communicate their findings and explanations. This lesson will also teach students about the properties of objects that sink and float.
Grades: 3-5
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Smelly Synthesis
Abstract: Students will view the nylon rope demonstration to be introduced to polymer synthesis. They will then perform an inquiry investigation of organic synthesis by mixing various carboxylic acids with alcohols to create esters. Depending on the mixture between the acids and alcohols, different smells will be produced. The class will then come together and discuss the purpose of the lab and the results obtained.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Specific Gravity - The Relative Density of Liquids
Abstract: Students will learn, through the creation of their handmade hydrometer, how a hydrometer functions and what it measures. Using their hydrometer, they will determine the relative differences in specific gravity of liquids and compare these values to those obtained from a commercially manufactured hydrometer. Based on their findings, students will create their own liquid density column.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Sports Helmets and Impact Testing of Polymers
Abstract: In sports, participants may be subjected to collisions with balls or other people or even crashes on bikes and skateboards. How is it possible for athletes to tolerate such blows and still "remain in the game"? This activity allows students to use inquiry to investigate the materials used to make sports helmets, a modern form of body armor. The students will perform impact tests on plastic (polymer) samples by dropping a plumb bob from differing heights onto the samples. The tests, modeled after actual industrial testing methods, will measure the brittleness of a material that has been subjected to an intense blow. Both "hard" plastics that may be used in the outer shell of a helmet and foamed plastics that can be used for the inner lining of the helmet will be tested. The students will use data gained from their tests to determine which plastics they feel are most suitable for usage in a helmet.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Scientific Inquiry
The Stress of Being a Recycled Bag
Abstract: Students will test the tensile strength of a shopping bag and discover that the polyethylene film has a higher tensile strength when pulled parallel with the extrusion lines then when pulled perpendicular to the extrusion lines. The students then apply what they learn to design an experiment to compare the strength a shopping bag made from recycled polyethylene to one that contains no recycled material. This lesson can be done with common inexpensive materials which may be collected from the home. Teacher Notes attached.
Grades: 6-8, 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Stretch your Students' Imaginations
Abstract: Students will explore the properties of polymers using a poly putty made from glue and borax. Physical and chemical changes, conservation of energy, and kinetic friction will be explained. An extension of the lesson allows the students a fun opportunity to enter a national contest: the AGPA's annual Rubber Band Contest for Young Inventors. This contest challenges students to design and create a working invention/artwork that incorporates at least one rubber band. The entire lesson allows teachers to meet science content standards and introduce polymers and science concepts using the Best Teaching Practices HandsOn/Minds-On Learning and Authentic Problem-Based Learning.
Grades: 3-5, 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Inquiry
Using Current Data for Graphing Skills
Abstract: Everywhere you look graphs surround your life. All types of businesses, periodicals, and reference materials utilize graphs to visually depict statistical information. Graphing skills are not only helpful within the walls of a science classroom but also in understanding the complexities of everyday life. This lesson is designed to help students identify the difference between an effective and ineffective graph, draw their own graphs, and interpret and relay information in a graph into another form of communication. This elsson requires the use of computers and the Internet by student groups.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Scientific Inquiry
What Happens to the Heat?
Abstract: Students will initially visualize the concepts of conduction and insulation through a discrepant event demonstration where materials are heated at high temperatures to show that certain materials will heat up more quickly than others. Afterwards, students will investigate these same concepts using round washers made of different materials to quantify energy transfer through temperature changes. Students will then participate in an interactive activity to define random motion, absolute zero, heat conduction, heat conductor, thermal equilibrium, closed systems, thermal radiation, and photons as well as develop a strong understanding of thermal energy transfer through conduction and radiation. Finally, students will design and create a device to reduce or increase thermal conduction and measure temperature change between real objects as a culminating activity.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
What is a Polymer?
Abstract: Students will explore polymers in the everyday world. They will use their senses (except taste) to make observations and investigate the properties of polymers.
Grades: 3-5, 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
Where Did the Water Go?
Abstract: As a result of the teacher-conducted discrepant event demonstration (described below), students will pose a problem. They will formulate their hypotheses, conduct experiments, and report their findings. Since it is unlikely that the students will be able to reproduce the outcome of the teachers' demonstration, it will be pointed out to them that very often scientific investigations do not lead to "answers".
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Scientific Inquiry
Where to Live?
Abstract: The use of computerized information is a growing part of everyday life. More and more people around the country and around the globe are plugging into geographic, social, economic, political, and environmental information to answer practical questions in their lives. The answers they find have relevance in their education, affect their business decisions, expand their understanding of the place they call home, and influence personal choices.
In this lesson, students will explore various aspects of their world using a Geographic Information System in order to make decisions.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Science and Technology, Scientific Inquiry
Will it Stretch?
Abstract: Students will receive unexpected results when a rubber band is heated and cooled. From this activity they will learn about one of the unique physical properties of the polymer, rubber.
In this lesson, students will explore various aspects of their world using a Geographic Information System in order to make decisions.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
You are What You Eat!
Abstract: Through hands-on activities and inquiry, students will construct a simple calorimeter. Through experimentation and simple calculation, students will determine the number of calories in a sample of food. Through the use of the Internet, students will plan a meal and calculate the number of calories the meal contains. From that calorie count, they will devise an exercise program to "burn off" the calories consumed.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Young's Modulus: An Investigation of Stress Versus Strain Using PDMS Polymer
Abstract: This Lesson is based upon Young's Elastic Modulus. Young's Elastic Modulus (E) closely relates itself to the spring constant (K) used in traditional classroom physics when teaching Hooke's Law. This is outlined in detail in the power point for further information. Through this construction, this lesson can bridge the gap between the engineering scope and traditional physics concepts taught in the classroom. By using a silicone base polymer, we will investigate young's elastic modulus by changing the chemical composition. This polymer used comes from the Sylgard company. This comes as a mix and pour kit of silicone polymer with a cross linking agent (Sylgard 184).
Grades: 9-12
Subject: Physical Sciences, Science and Technology, Scientific Ways of Knowing, Scientific Inquiry
Ziplock Chemistry
Abstract: Three substances are mixed in a sealed plastic bag. A reaction occurs that causes the bag to get warm and expand while the color of the contents of the bag changes.
Grades: 3-5, 6-8
Subject: Physical Sciences, Scientific Inquiry
3D Printing vs. Transfer Molding Comparative Analysis
Abstract: Students are completing a comparative analysis to test the physical properties of a given material using two different devices: a 3D printer & transfer mold machine. In technical terms: students using an
extruder will make their own filaments and 3D print Izod Impact Resistance Bars and Tensile Bars to test the material & production-process strength against the same material/shaped bar for Izod & Tensile Bars made using a transfer mold machine. Students will complete a comparative analysis of two tests: Izod Impact Resistance ASTM D-256 & Tensile Strength ASTM D-638M. (Again, optional 3-point bend test could be conducted in place of these two tests). Students will evaluate their data to provide a solution to a real-world problem in industry/society that they determine to answer. Students will need to conduct research to determine a real-world problem. Students’ data must be used to support their claim to their answer of the real-world problem based on prioritized criteria and trade-offs that account for a range of constraints, including cost, safety, reliability, and aesthetics as well as possible social, cultural, and
environmental impacts.
*Note* This lesson is written for Engineering Students completing a Polymer Testing Course; but the research aspect can be adapted to fit the research/report needs of a chemistry or physics class with an optional modified 3-point bend testing version with different directionally printed 3-D samples in the worksheets section for those without the proper equipment.
Grades: 10-12
Subject: Other
A Brief History of Rubber
Abstract: In this social studies lesson plan, students will explore the development of rubber and its use in society. They will research the history of rubber and will construct a timeline to display key events and the progression of rubber's use in society.
Grades: 5-8
Subject: Other
Applications of Polymer Engineering Self-Healing Polymers Through Encapsulation
Abstract: Encapsulated polymers have many applications from drug delivery to self-healing materials. Capsules can be designed in a variety of different ways from encapsulating the polymer to using the polymer to form a capsule around the compound. There is a research group out of The University of Akron working on encapsulating an Alkyd polymer inside of a silica shell to be used as an additive in coating agents that will give the coating self-healing properties. In this lesson students will investigate the encapsulation process by using a polymer sodium alginate to form a capsule around fruit juice by crosslinking the polymer when it encounters a calcium lactate solution. The students will then add these capsules to gelatin and test the properties of the capsules and modified gelatin.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: N/A
Biomimicry Using Polymers to Mimic Pinecones or Flowers
Abstract: Inspired by natural hygromorphs, students recreate or simulate how pinecones open and close based on their moisture content. Students use rubber pieces that are glued together and made of two different densities. These biomimetic bilayer structures replicate simple models of natural occurrences such as pine cones opening when dry and closing when moist. Because we are using rubber polymers our biomimetic bilayers will open and close using acetone, a solvent that will absorb into rubber much the way water would be absorbed in a pine cone.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: N/A
Decomposition of Polymers: Removal of Chewing Gum
Abstract: Our lives are fraught daily with things that gum up the works; especially chewing gum. If it happens to attach itself to your clothes, hair, or (heaven forbid) the inside of the family clothes dryer you have a real problem.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: N/A
Energy Cars and Polymers: Reducing Frictional Forces
Abstract: Students will be working in pairs to design and build energy car that meets specific requirements by using knowledge of polymer chemistry, and laws of physics. The goal of the project is to build a car that would go maximum distance when launched by rubber band, therefore, students will have to apply knowledge about motion, friction, and engineering principles to achieve best results. Energy car must be build from wood platform, and wheels from thermoplastic. During this lesson, students will learn about thermoplastics (polymers), friction (sliding, rolling, fluid, static), and motion (speed, acceleration, velocity).
Grades: 9
Subject: N/A
The Engineering Design Process: Aerogels
Abstract: Research currently being done at the University of Akron involves the creation of a gel polymer emulsion to make aerogels. The emulsifying agent (and dissolved phase) in the gel cannot simply be evaporated out because the holes left behind in the gel will collapse. Thus, a multistep solution exchange process is performed to get rid of the emulsifying agent (and dissolved phase) and leave the pores (holes) left behind intact. The result is a solid with lots and lots of holes in it called an aerogel.
Aerogels have been used in recent years by NASA and other entities because they have unique properties like being of a very low density and being incredible thermal insulators. Though they are very useful, aerogels are not widely used because it is still expensive to manufacture them on a large scale.
In this lesson, students will mimic polymer/process engineers by designing a process to eliminate chocolate chips from chocolate chip cookie dough (their “gel”) without destroying the holes left behind. This is a STEM lesson is in which the engineering design process is taught. An engineering design notebook is provided as well as metrics (including required teacher signatures at various points and Self, Peer, Group Evaluations) for ensuring that all students are on task at all times. Further, this notebook makes assessing individual contributions to the cooperative assignments easier many other projects.
Grades: 6-12
Subject: Other
The Engineering Design Process: Meringue Aerogel Film Filters
Abstract: Research currently being done at the University of Akron involves the creation of a gel polymer emulsion to make aerogels. The emulsifying agent (and dissolved phase) in the gel cannot simply be evaporated out because the holes left behind in the gel will collapse. Thus, a multistep solution exchange process is performed to get rid of the emulsifying agent (and dissolved phase) and leave the pores (holes) left behind intact. The result is a solid with lots and lots of holes in it called an aerogel. These aerogels can be poured into various molds or onto a flat surface (substrate) to create a film.
Aerogels have been used in recent years by NASA and other entities because they have unique properties like having very low densities and being incredible thermal insulators. Aerogels are also being studied for their filtering capabilities.
In this lesson, students will make films and test the filtering capabilities of meringue which is an aerogel. Their engineering challenge to create an improved meringue aerogel film filter. This STEM lesson can be taught in 2-3 days as simply an engineering design challenge of or it can be taught over 2-3 weeks in which the full engineering design process including multiple presentations is taught. Included in this lesson is an Introduction to STEM Education Teacher Powerpoint and an Engineering Design Notebook with metrics for ensuring that all students are on task at all times and presentation rubrics. Further, this notebook makes assessing individual contributions to the cooperative assignments easier many other projects.
Grades: 6-12
Subject: Other
Exploration of Bones as a Natural Composite Material
Abstract: Growing up we were told to drink our milk so that our bones could grow to be strong. Milk and other food products provide us with the calcium our bones need for strength. In fact, about 99% of our body’s calcium is found in bones. However, our bones also need a structural protein called collagen in order to provide added strength and flexibility. Bone can be thought of as a composite material; something made out of two materials with different properties, which when brought together produce a new material with new properties. In this laboratory you will play the role of a polymer scientist and explore the techniques that engineers use to test the strength properties of a composite material.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: N/A
Gellin Like a...Hydrophylic Cross-linked Polymer?
Abstract: Students will prepare several recipes of Xanthan Gum-Glycerol polyester polymers and determine through testing and data analysis which one will serve best as wound dressings or other specific applications.
Grades: 9
Subject: N/A
How Does Size and Temperature Affect a Material's Conductivity?
Abstract: Students will be able to measure the conductivity of metals and nanoparticles which will be sintered to be able to conduct the electricity. Also they will be able to observe how different size and temperatures of the nanoparticles affect the conductivity.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: N/A
Identifying Unknown Polymers Using Density Measurements
Abstract: There are many different polymers with wide applications and uses. Basic polymers can be described by recycling code such as code 1 for PETE, polyethylene terephthalate. In this lesson activity students will become knowledgeable in six types of polymers and their common uses. Students will identify polymers by performing density measurements of each polymer. Results will be confirmed by float/sink test of each polymer.
Grades: 8-9
Subject: N/A
Lab-Effects of pH on the Structure of a Polyelectrolyte
Abstract: Students will explore how the viscosity of a polyelectrolyte (polyacrylic acid) changes with changing pH. They will explain viscosity changes in terms of the intermolecular forces and the equilibrium of the ionization reaction. Lab activities include determining the Ka and pKa of PAA after measuring the pH of the PAA solution, titrating the weak acid (PAA) with a strong base (sodium hydroxide) and graphing the titration curve, measuring the efflux times at different pH values then calculating the relative viscosity of a PAA solution using a U-tube viscometer and graphing the results. As a conclusion, students will describe how what was learned in the lesson could be applied to create a useful product such as a wound covering.
The lesson is designed as a review of equilibrium, properties of acids, titrations, and intermolecular forces that can be given leading up to the AP exam.
Grades: 11-12 (AP Level Chemistry)
Subject: Other
Making a Shape Memory Polymer from Silicone-1 Caulk and MiraLAX
Abstract:
The development of shape memory polymers has applications in aerospace (for example, Mars exploration), medicine, robotics, and even everyday items such as eyeglasses. In this activity, students will be able to make a shape memory polymer using only 2 ingredients: silicone-1 caulk and polyethylene glycol (widely available as MiraLAX).
They will compare the shape memory polymer that they’ve made to the more common "oogoo" – a mixture of silicone-1 caulk and corn starch – in order to investigate how the properties of the mixture change based on the ingredients.
In the extension activity, students make an additional mixture of MiraLAX and silicone-1 with a higher concentration of MiraLAX. This higher ratio allows the MiraLAX to be easily removed after the polymer has set, simply by soaking in water overnight. Once the MiraLAX is removed, a sponge made out of silicone can be observed. This sponge is used to simulate an oil spill clean-up, using a mixture of vegetable oil and water.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: N/A
Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Parts in Fused Deposition Modeling
Abstract: Today's students are not aware of the many uses of polymers in their daily life. In this experiment, students will examine the mechanical properties of 3D parts to solve a real world problem. Students will determine the optimal mechanical properties of components fabricated with 3D printers. Students will create 3D printed parts with various print specifications such as orientation, temperature, infill, layer thickness, etc. This research, testing and analysis will then be used by the students to create a DIY assistive technology (DIY-AT), "which is any device or system that allows an individual to perform a task that they would otherwise be unable to do, or increases the ease and safety with which the task can be performed" [1]. Once the students have created their 3D printed parts, they will conduct a tensile test. The data collected will be graphed and analyzed with the conclusion of the experiment to be a collaborative discussion of the Students will use data gathered from the tensile testing to determine optimal properties for use in assistive technology.
[1] Cowen,D. & Turner-Smith,A. The role of assistive technology in alternative models of care for older people. In Sutherland,I. (ed.) With Respect To Old Age:The Royal Commission for the Long Term Care of the Elderly (1999), Stationary Office, 325-346
Grades: 9-12
Subject:
Micelles to the Rescue - How Soap Transports Debris
Abstract: Soap is an important part of our daily life, however how soap works is a mystery to many students and it’s often taken for granted. This lesson is designed for a teacher to use within context of a larger unit on mixtures and solutions. The lesson will teach students how to make a primitive soap, understand the basic chemistry behind soap, conceptualize how soap removes debris via micelle aggregation, and identify what hard water is and its effect on micelle aggregation.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: N/A
The Molecular Weight of a Polymer
Abstract: The lesson is designed to be used at the beginning of an AP or general chemistry college course. The molecular weight of a polymer can be determined using several methods such as size exclusion chromatography and dilute solution viscometry.Dilute solution viscometry is used to review a number of math concepts that are integral to an AP chemistry course, such as graphing, calculating the slope of a line, preparing and using standard curves, deriving and using constants and solving for an unknown in an equation. These concepts should be reviewed with students prior to assigning the lab activity. In this lab activity, students prepare solutions of polyethylene glycol of known molecular weight at different concentrations. The viscosity of each solution is determined using a U-tube viscometer. Data is graphed to produce a standard curve from which the values of the Mark-Houwink constants (k’ and a) are determined. Viscometry data is then measured for several solutions of polyethylene glycol of unknown molecular weight. Using the values for the constants determined from the standard curve, and the Mark-Houwink equation, the molecular weights of the unknown PEG solutions or the concentrations of the solutions can be determined.
Grades: 11-12
Subject: AP Chemistry
Ooeey Gooey Fun! But Can We Sell This Stuff? Putty Experiment
Abstract: Students create bouncing balls of various shapes and determine the differences in the height that the various balls bounce.
Grades: 10-12
Subject: N/A
Polymer Shrinking Madness! Exploring Shrinking Properties and Chemical Makeup through Mass Spectrometry
Abstract: Students will then conduct a lab activity to produce a polystyrene and polyethylene sample of a certain area after shrinking the sample in a drying oven. Cost analysis of the two shapes will be calculated. Students will also discuss mass spectrometry as an analytical technique and interpret different polymer mass spectrums.
Grades: 10-12
Subject: N/A
Polymers Matter!
Abstract: Students will be able to learn more about properties of matter, and, they will use Polymers to observe properties of matter.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: N/A
Shape Memory Monsters: They Come Back!
Abstract: In this engaging two-part lab activity, students first make shape memory "monsters," using silicone rubber, stearic acid, and plastic Halloween molds. Then in the second part, students have the chance to try to destroy the monsters, by smashing them with a binder clip into a c-shape. After testing, the control sample won’t change at all. Their shape memory composite will look defeated...until students place it back in the hot water. At that point, the monster will recover to its original scary shape!
As part of the pre-lab reading, students will learn the definitions for key vocabulary such as shape memory, polymers, composites, thermoset and thermoplastic. Students will also learn some of the science behind how shape memory polymers work, and after the lab, they will explore how the types of intramolecular bonding and intermolecular forces contribute to the behaviors they observed in the lab.
Grades: 10-12
Subject: N/A
Swell! How Vulcanization Affects the Properties of Rubber
Abstract: Because polymers are such large molecules, the intermolecular forces between polymer chains are stronger than most other organic substances. Rubber, despite our general suppositions on how phases of matter should behave, is a liquid at room temperature (it will flow over time). Due to the strong intermolecular forces present (van der Waal interactions), rubber is extremely viscous and seems to be a solid. If rubber is to be used in a commercial setting (such as tire manufacturing), the liquid properties of water will reveal themselves over time and with fluctuations in temperature while travelling. The solution to this problem was solved by Charles Goodyear. Through experimentation, Goodyear discovered that the addition of sulfur to a heated sample of rubber changed the properties of the rubber, making the rubber a rigid solid that did not flow over time. Today, we understand that Goodyear had discovered vulcanization, the process of linking polymer chains to one another covalently. Rather than flowing over time, vulcanized (or “cross-linked”) rubber contains polymer chains that are “locked” into place and, as a result, is useful for the production of tires that are expected to withstand high temperatures and degradation over time without deforming. The vulcanization of rubber revolutionized the production of tires and, with the later addition of nanofillers such as carbon black, has resulted in reliable tires that withstand the harsh conditions through which we expect the tires to survive.
This lesson introduces the concept of cross-linking rubber and how cross-linking affects the properties of a rubber sample. The lesson itself can be accomplished in 2 days. The first day should be spent introducing polymers and their properties/uses. The second day should be spent on exploration into cross-linking, the Borax/glue demonstration, and beginning the swell test. The swelling test itself will take between 10 and 14 days (undisturbed). This lesson is excellent to begin just before a holiday break, to give the test time to complete while students are not attending class daily.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: N/A
That's Slick! Using Polymers to Clean Oil Spills
Abstract: This lesson will help a teacher provide in-depth, age appropriate instruction related to intermolecular forces, miscibility, and oil absorbing polymer. Additionally, the lesson has an environmental component which gives students a relevant, real-life example of the effects of an oil spill and how such a disaster could be dealt with. There is an in-depth laboratory which allow students to test the effectiveness of the oil absorbing polymer under specific conditions – pH, temperature, salinity, and its effectiveness on bird feathers.
Grades: 7-12
Subject: N/A
Wacky Water
Abstract: The polar nature of water allows this molecule to carry out many important functions in living systems and the geochemistry of Earth. In this activity students will closely observe the behavior of water droplets to understand cohesion, adhesion, surface tension, and capillary action. Students will conduct contact angle measurements to quantify the wettability (hydrophilic, hydrophobic, or superhydrophilic nature) of surfaces. Through these investigations students will extend their understanding biomimicry and how the properties of water can be used to solve real-life problems.
Grades: 9-12
Subject: N/A
Where in the World is Rubber?
Abstract: In this social studies lesson plan, students will learn about the various people and places associated with those areas that produce natural rubber. They will be able to define and identify specific regions using human and physical characteristics.
Grades: 6-8
Subject: Other
